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Classification
Product TypeRaw Material
Product FormDried
Industry PositionPrimary Agricultural Product
Raw Material
Commodity GroupPulses (grain legumes)
Scientific NameVigna mungo (L.) Hepper
PerishabilityLow
Growing Conditions
Cultivated primarily across the Indian subcontinent and other South and Southeast Asian growing zones; associated with seasonally dry tropical cultivation environments.
Production is challenged by multiple biotic and abiotic stresses in key growing areas, contributing to yield variability.
Main VarietiesWhole dried black gram (urad/urdbean) for direct cooking and further processing, Split and/or dehusked black gram (urad dal) traded as a staple pulse ingredient
Consumption Forms
Whole dried beans (direct cooking)
Split/dehusked dal (urad dal)
Milled flour used in batters and other formulations
Grading Factors
Moisture control and freedom from mold/off-odors
Low foreign matter and stones
Low levels of damaged, discolored, broken, or immature seeds
Freedom from live/dead insect infestation and insect damage
Compliance with applicable hygiene, contaminants, and labeling requirements (often Codex-referenced)
Market
Dried black gram (urad/urdbean; Vigna mungo) is a globally traded pulse primarily produced and consumed across South and Southeast Asia, with the largest cultivation area concentrated in India. International trade is strongly influenced by South Asian food demand (whole seed, split/dehusked “urad dal”, and milled flour), with Myanmar frequently positioned as a key export origin for India-bound shipments. Because it is shelf-stable when properly dried, trade is less constrained by short harvest windows than fresh crops, but prices and availability can shift quickly with monsoon-driven production variability and policy changes in major consuming markets. Buyers often anchor specifications to Codex guidance for pulses (moisture/defects/contaminants, hygiene, packaging, labeling) alongside destination-country requirements.
Market GrowthNot Mentioned
Major Producing Countries
인도Largest cultivation area reported for black gram; core producer and consumer market.
미얀마 [버마]Major producer and export origin for black gram in regional trade.
미얀마 [버마]Frequently cited export origin for black gram (urad) supplying India and other regional markets.
Major Importing Countries
인도Major buyer of Myanmar-origin black gram under commercial trade and reported government-to-government arrangements.
파키스탄Reported destination market for Myanmar-origin black gram shipments.
Specification
Physical Attributes
Typically traded as dried, shelled whole seeds with dark seed coat; split/dehusked forms expose a pale interior and are marketed as “urad dal” in many South Asian markets.
Quality perception is strongly driven by uniformity (size/color), low foreign matter, and freedom from insect damage and off-odors.
Compositional Metrics
Moisture content limits and defect tolerances are commonly referenced via Codex guidance for pulses in international trade contexts (scope-dependent).
Grades
Commercial grading commonly differentiates export/food-grade lots by cleanliness, uniformity, and defect levels, with Codex CXS 171-1989 often used as a reference point for pulses specifications (moisture/defects/contaminants, hygiene, packaging, labeling).
Packaging
Commonly packed for bulk trade in woven polypropylene (PP) bags (often 25–50 kg) and/or bulk bags (FIBCs), frequently with food-grade inner liners where required.
Containerized shipments may include insect-control treatments and moisture/condensation prevention measures to protect quality during transit.
ProcessingCan be milled into split/dehusked products (dal) and ground into flour; flour is widely used in batters and other formulations in South Asian cuisines.
Staple pulse demand in South Asian cuisines (whole seed and dal formats).
Use of black gram flour in batters and processed traditional foods, supporting steady import demand where domestic supply is insufficient.
Temperature
Ambient logistics are common, but maintaining low moisture and avoiding high humidity/condensation in storage and containers is critical to prevent mold, caking, and quality loss.
Insect management during storage and transit is a key handling priority for dried pulses.
Shelf Life
Shelf life is generally long when kept dry and protected from insects; storage pest infestation can rapidly reduce food-grade quality and trigger trade disputes or rejections.
Risks
Trade Policy And Market Access HighGlobal trade is highly sensitive to policy actions and procurement behavior in major consuming markets—especially India—combined with reliance on Myanmar as a widely cited export origin for India-bound black gram. Changes to import quotas/tariffs, licensing, bilateral arrangements, or foreign-exchange conditions can rapidly re-route flows and move prices, disrupting procurement plans and contract performance.Maintain multi-origin optionality where feasible, diversify contract timing (staggered purchases), monitor policy/quotas closely, and use tighter contract clauses on shipment windows and substitution/spec tolerance.
Storage Pests And Quality Deterioration MediumDried pulses are vulnerable to bruchids and other storage pests; insect damage, contamination, and off-odors can downgrade lots from food-grade to feed/industrial channels or cause border rejections.Implement robust warehouse hygiene and pest monitoring, validated fumigation/insect-control programs where legally permitted, and moisture/condensation controls in packaging and containers.
Food Safety And Contaminants MediumNon-compliance risks include excess foreign matter, pesticide residue exceedances, and contaminants addressed under Codex-aligned hygiene/contaminants frameworks; these can lead to detentions, recalls, or stricter sampling at destination ports.Use supplier approval with residue/contaminant testing plans, align specs to Codex guidance and destination MRLs, and require traceable lot segregation and documentation.
Climate MediumYield and quality can be materially affected by rainfall timing, heat stress, and extreme weather in major producing zones across South and Southeast Asia, increasing intra-year volatility.Track seasonal weather and crop condition indicators in key origins, build buffer stocks during post-harvest availability, and qualify alternative suppliers/grades for formulation flexibility.
Sustainability
High exposure to monsoon variability and climate shocks in core producing regions of South Asia and parts of Southeast Asia, which can drive sharp supply and price volatility.
Smallholder-dominated production systems in key origins can face constraints in access to improved seed, pest management, and post-harvest drying/storage infrastructure, influencing loss rates and quality.
Labor & Social
Smallholder income volatility linked to seasonal price swings and policy-driven trade shifts in major consuming markets.
Occupational health and safety risks in on-farm and small-scale post-harvest handling (drying, storage, fumigation exposure) where controls are weak.