건조 렌틸콩 from 에티오피아

History

Lentil cultivation in Ethiopia dates back centuries, with indigenous knowledge and traditional farming systems playing a key role. Since the 2000s, development programs and partnerships with NGOs and research institutions have introduced improved varieties and agronomic practices to boost productivity and export competitiveness.

Production Regions

• Amhara Region: Major lentil-producing zone, especially in areas around Gondar and Bahir Dar.
• Oromia Region: Particularly East Shewa and Arsi zones, known for quality lentil output.
• Tigray Region: Contributes to lentil production, often in mixed cropping systems.
• Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region (SNNPR): Smaller scale production, often intercropped.

Growing Conditions

• Altitude: 1,800 to 2,800 m above sea level.
• Climate: Grown during the Meher season (main rainy season) with moderate temperatures.
• Soils: Fertile clay and loam soils with good drainage.
• Irrigation: Mostly rainfed; limited supplementary irrigation in pilot projects.
• Crop Cycle: 100 to 120 days; planted June–July, harvested October–November.

Harvesting Process

• Harvesting: Manual, using sickles or uprooting by hand.
• Drying Methods: Sun-dried in fields or on mats.
• Moisture Target: Below 12% for storage and marketing.

Cultivation Methods

• Farming Structure: Smallholders dominate; lentils often grown on plots <1 hectare.
• Input Use: Limited use of chemical inputs; reliance on organic manure and traditional practices.
• Pest Management: Challenges include rust, wilt, and aphids, with low chemical intervention.

Supply Chain

• Producers: Predominantly small-scale farmers.
• Cooperatives: Play a key role in aggregating and marketing.
• Millers & Traders: Handle cleaning, splitting, and grading.
• Exporters: Licensed private companies and cooperatives; exports remain seasonal and volume-limited.

Local Logistics

• Transport: Trucks from production zones to Addis Ababa or regional markets.
• Export Ports: Djibouti Port (via road and rail) is the primary export route.

Regulations and Certifications

• Regulatory Bodies: Ministry of Agriculture, Ethiopian Agricultural Authority, and EHPEA.
• Certifications: Organic, Non-GMO, and Fair Trade available in niche markets.

Quality Standards

• Moisture Content: <12% ideal for storage and trade.
• Defect Allowance: Graded based on foreign matter, color, and insect damage.
• Grading: Based on size, cleanliness, and uniformity; informal standardization.

Trade Terms

• Exports (2023): Modest; mainly to the Middle East, India, and Sudan.
• HS Code: 0713.40 (Dried lentils).
• Top Export Markets: United Arab Emirates, India, Sudan, Saudi Arabia, and Pakistan.

Environmental Impact

• Pesticide Use: Low; environmental footprint minimal due to limited input use.
• Water Use: Low due to rainfed conditions.
• Land Use: Promotes soil fertility through rotation with cereals and nitrogen fixation.

Social Impact

• Rural Employment: High, especially among women during harvest and post-harvest.
• Food Security: Lentils are a vital source of nutrition and income.
• Farmer Income: Lentils provide supplemental income; often marketed collectively through cooperatives.

Uses

• Domestic Use: Consumed in traditional stews (misir wot), soups, and fasting meals.
• Industrial Use: Minor; most lentils are processed manually or in small mills.
• Export: Whole and split lentils, mostly conventional; organic exports emerging.