옥수수 from 캐나다

History

Maize has been cultivated in Canada for centuries, originating from Indigenous farming traditions. The modern commercial maize industry developed rapidly in the 20th century, especially after World War II, with the adoption of hybrid seeds and mechanization. In the 1990s, Canada approved GM maize varieties, which now dominate production. The sector has evolved into a key component of Canada’s grain and oilseed economy, supplying domestic feed mills, ethanol plants, and export markets.

Production Regions

• Ontario: Largest maize-producing province; accounts for ~60% of national output.
• Quebec: Second-largest producer; focused on both grain corn and silage.
• Manitoba: Emerging production area for grain corn; suited for shorter-season hybrids.
• Alberta: Limited maize production, mostly for silage in southern zones.

Growing Conditions

• Altitude: 0–400 m in major producing regions
• Climate: Temperate continental; warm summers and moderate rainfall
• Rainfall: 600–1,000 mm annually, mostly rainfed
• Soil: Deep, fertile loams and clay loams
• Irrigation: Minimal; rainfed systems dominate in Eastern Canada

Agroforestry & Cultivation Practices

• Agroforestry: Not common in maize zones
• Crop Rotation: Corn-soybean-wheat rotations widely practiced
• Soil Management: Conservation tillage, cover cropping increasingly adopted
• Input Use: High use of synthetic fertilizers, herbicides, and GM traits

Harvesting Process

• Harvest Method: Fully mechanized using combines
• Drying: Grain dryers used to achieve safe storage moisture levels
• Storage: Large metal grain bins and commercial elevators
• Post-Harvest Losses: Low due to modern infrastructure and handling

Cultivation Methods

• Seed Types: Dominated by GM hybrids (glyphosate-resistant, Bt traits)
• Farm Structure: Predominantly medium to large-scale commercial farms
• Key Pests: Corn borer, armyworm, and wireworm
• Disease Management: Fungicide use and GM traits integrated in production

Supply Chain

• Farmers: Commercial grain producers
• Middlemen: Grain elevators and cooperatives aggregate supply
• Processors: Ethanol plants, feed mills, and food ingredient manufacturers
• Exporters: Grain traders and bulk shipping companies operating from Eastern ports

Local Logistics

• Transport: Truck and rail dominate grain movement
• Processing Zones: Ethanol and feed mills centered in Ontario and Quebec
• Storage Infrastructure: Commercial grain elevators and on-farm bins widely used

Traceability

• Commercial Supply Chain: High traceability through digital grain handling systems
• Farm-Level Data: Integrated in contracts and certification systems
• Export Logistics: Identity preservation available for non-GM or specialty lots

Regulations and Certifications

• Regulatory Bodies: Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA), Canadian Grain Commission
• Certifications: HACCP, GMP+, ISO for processing; voluntary sustainability certifications growing
• GM Oversight: GM corn regulated for food, feed, and environmental safety

Quality Standards

• Moisture Content: ≤15% for safe storage
• Grading: Based on test weight, moisture, and foreign material by the Canadian Grain Commission
• Color and Grain Type: Yellow dent corn is the standard; white and flint types are niche
• Mycotoxin Monitoring: Required by buyers and enforced in export standards

Trade Terms

• HS Code: 100590 – “Other maize”
• Exports (2023): ~1.3–1.5 million MT, mostly to US, EU, and Latin America
• Imports: ~1–1.2 million MT (mostly from US, depending on feed demand)
• Top Buyers: US, Ireland, Spain, Colombia
• Domestic Demand: Primarily driven by livestock feed and ethanol sectors
• Price Volatility: Influenced by US corn futures, logistics, and feed demand

Environmental Impact

• Water Use: Mostly rainfed; low irrigation footprint
• Soil Health: Tillage, monoculture, and chemical inputs raise concerns
• Climate Risk: Drought and early frost pose yield risks in western zones
• Sustainability Practices: Increasing adoption of no-till and cover cropping in Ontario

Social Impact

• Livelihoods: Supports rural farm economies in Ontario and Quebec
• Labor: Mechanized operations require fewer seasonal workers
• Women & Youth: Involved in agronomy, farm business, and ag-tech roles
• Food Security Role: Minor in direct human consumption; key in feed chain

Uses

• Animal Feed: Primary use; corn is a major component in dairy, poultry, and hog rations
• Ethanol: Major feedstock for renewable fuel mandates
• Food Processing: Corn starch, syrup, flour, and snack foods
• Industrial Use: Bioplastics, adhesives, and other starch-based products 
• Byproducts: Corn oil from germ; DDGS (distillers’ grains) used in feed