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History

Coffee cultivation began in Colombia in the late 1700s. By the mid-20th century, the country had become synonymous with quality Arabica. The Federación Nacional de Cafeteros de Colombia (FNC), founded in 1927, played a key role in brand-building through initiatives like “Juan Valdez,” which also spearheaded the roasted coffee segment domestically and abroad.

Production Regions

• Eje Cafetero (Caldas, Quindío, Risaralda): Traditional heartland of Colombian coffee; produces balanced, nutty, and fruity roasts.
• Antioquia: Diverse profiles; chocolatey and creamy notes; increasing specialty output.
• Huila: Known for bright acidity, floral and citrus notes; a major specialty origin.
• Nariño: High-altitude region with sweet, complex cups and high demand for microlots.
• Tolima: Smooth and clean profiles; strong focus on organic and sustainable production.
• Cauca: Volcanic soils and microclimates deliver vibrant acidity and layered flavors.
• Sierra Nevada (Magdalena): Shade-grown coffee with earthy and herbal notes; includes Indigenous farming communities.

Growing Conditions

• Altitude: 1,200–2,200 meters.
• Climate: Equatorial highland; bimodal rainfall patterns allow multiple harvests.
• Rainfall: 1,500–2,500 mm/year.
• Soil: Volcanic, rich in organic matter and well-drained.
• Harvest Cycle: Two harvests in many regions (main + mitaca), enabling year-round fresh roasting.

Harvesting Process

• Method: Hand-picked selective harvesting across steep terrains.
• Post-Harvest: Wet/washed process is standard; includes fermentation, washing, and sun/machine drying.
• Drying: Raised beds, patios, and mechanical dryers depending on region and scale.

Cultivation Methods

• 100% Arabica: Robusta is not commercially grown in Colombia.
• Smallholder Focus: ~95% of farms are under 5 ha; often family-operated.
• Shade-Grown Systems: Common for biodiversity and cup quality.
• Sustainability Programs: Widely adopted, including Organic, Rainforest Alliance, and Fair Trade.

Supply Chain

• Flow: Farmer → Cooperative or Private Buyer → Roaster → Distributor/Exporter.
• Domestic Roasters: Include Juan Valdez, Oma, Devoción, and hundreds of micro-roasters.
• Export Roasters: Many Colombian brands now export roasted beans directly under origin labeling.

Local Logistics

• Roasting Centers: Bogotá, Medellín, Armenia, Pereira, and Cali.
• Ports: Buenaventura, Cartagena, and Santa Marta.
• Transport: Coffee transported from mountain farms to roasting hubs via road networks.

Regulations and Certifications

• Regulatory Body: Federación Nacional de Cafeteros (FNC).
• Certifications: Café de Colombia PGI, Organic, Fair Trade, Rainforest Alliance, and ISO.
• Traceability: Standard for specialty roasts and microlots; QR codes often used on packaging.

Quality Standards

• Moisture Content (Roasted): 1.5–2.5%.
• Roast Types: Light to medium for specialty; darker for traditional Colombian brews.
• Flavor Profiles: Balanced acidity, caramel sweetness, fruit, floral and nutty notes.
• Defect Control: Green beans used for roasted coffee are strictly sorted; minimal defects allowed.

Trade Terms

• Exports (2023 est.): ~30,000 MT of roasted coffee beans.
• HS Code: 090122 (roasted, non-decaffeinated).
• Top Markets: US, Canada, Chile, Europe (especially Germany, UK, Netherlands), South Korea.
• Packaging: 250 g – 1 kg retail packs, 5–10 kg café bags, 60–70 kg bulk cartons.
• Pricing: Premium prices for specialty single-origin and microlot roasts.

Environmental Impact

• Ecosystem Preservation: Common use of agroforestry, shade trees, and biodiversity corridors.
• Water Use: Wet processing plants use water recycling systems.
• Carbon-Neutral Initiatives: Led by FNC and private roasters to reduce CO₂ emissions.
• Climate Risks: Coffee rust (roya), shifting rain patterns, and rising temperatures in lowlands.

Social Impact

• Employment: Over 500,000 families involved in coffee; key rural employer.
• Women in Coffee: Increasing presence in cupping, roasting, farm management.
• Youth Engagement: Entrepreneurship, barista training, and tech-driven traceability programs.
• Community Development: Coffee revenues support schools, clinics, and road infrastructure.

Uses

• Retail Coffee: Widely consumed domestically in whole bean and ground formats.
• Espresso and Drip Coffee: Light-to-medium roasts used in cafés and export markets.
• Capsules and Pods: Colombian roasted beans featured in Nespresso and private-label capsules.
• Microlot Roasts: Featured in third-wave cafés globally as single-origin offerings.
• Instant Coffee Base: High-quality roasted beans used for premium soluble coffee.