인도산 참깨

History

Sesame (locally called til) has been cultivated in India since ancient times and holds cultural and religious importance. Historically grown across multiple agro-climatic zones, sesame has been a traditional kharif (monsoon) and summer crop. With rising global demand, commercial cultivation and export have expanded since the 1990s.

Production Regions

• Gujarat: Largest producing state with high export volumes of white sesame.
• West Bengal: Known for black sesame.
• Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh: Mixed varieties including brown, black, and white sesame.
• Tamil Nadu & Andhra Pradesh: Leading producers of summer-season sesame.

Growing Conditions

• Climate: Tropical to subtropical; optimum temperature is 25 to 35°C.
• Rainfall: 500 to 650 mm preferred; drought-tolerant but sensitive to waterlogging.
• Soil: Well-drained loam or sandy soil; alkaline-tolerant.
• Sowing Seasons: Kharif (June to August), Rabi (October to December), Summer (February to March).

Harvesting Process:

• Harvest Time: 75 to 100 days after sowing.
• Method: Manual cutting and bundling of dried plants; pods shatter when dried.
• Drying: Sun-drying of pods followed by threshing and winnowing.

Cultivation Methods

• Farm Size: Predominantly smallholder farms (1–2 hectares).
• Inputs: Mostly rainfed with low chemical input; hybrid seeds used in commercial zones.
• Intercropping: Often intercropped with pulses or millet.
• Extension Services: Provided by agriculture departments and NGOs, especially for organic growers.

Supply Chain

• Flow: Farmers → Village aggregators → Mandis → Traders → Exporters.
• Processing: Hulling, cleaning, grading, and color sorting done at dedicated facilities.
• Exporters: Concentrated in Gujarat, Maharashtra, and Andhra Pradesh.

Local Logistics

• Transport: Trucking from farms to local markets and processing centers.
• Ports: Major export ports include Mundra, Kandla, Chennai, and Mumbai.

Regulations and Certifications

• Export Standards: Regulated by APEDA (Agricultural & Processed Food Products Export Development Authority).
• Certifications: HACCP, BRC, Kosher, Halal, and Organic (NOP, NPOP).
• Residue Compliance: Strict monitoring of pesticide residue levels for EU, US, and Japan.

Quality Standards

• Purity: 99 to 99.95% purity for export-grade sesame.
• Moisture: Max 6 to 8%.
• Foreign Matter: Max 0.5%.
• Grades: Based on size, color, and processing status (hulled/natural/roasted).

Trade Terms

• Exports (2023): ~450,000 MT exported annually.
• HS Codes: 120740 (Sesamum seeds, whether or not broken).
• Key Buyers: Japan, South Korea, China, Turkey, the US, and Middle Eastern countries.

Environmental Impact

• Water Use: Low compared to other oilseeds; often grown in rainfed areas.
• Soil Health: Fits well in crop rotation; improves soil fertility.
• Pesticide Concern: Export rejections due to residue levels have encouraged organic practices.
• Climate Resilience: Drought-tolerant but vulnerable to excess rain during flowering.

Social Impact

• Employment: Key crop for smallholder farmers in rainfed regions.
• Women’s Participation: High in post-harvest processing like drying, cleaning, and sorting.
• Rural Livelihoods: Source of income in arid and semi-arid zones with limited irrigation.

Uses

• Culinary: Used in bakery, confectionery, snacks, and condiments.
• Oil Extraction: Cold-pressed and refined sesame oil used in cooking and Ayurvedic formulations.
• Cosmetics & Pharma: Oil used for massage oils, soaps, and hair care products.
• Pet Food & Livestock: Used in high-value animal feed blends.