The EU harvest in 2023 showed a decrease in production in Spain, Italy, and Germany, but an increase in France and Portugal. Climate change, including dry winter, hailstorms, floods, and a rainy spring, caused a sharp drop in production in other European countries. France became the largest European wine producer, Italy experienced a significant decline in production due to intense rains and mildew, and Spain remained the third-largest producer with high-quality grapes despite harsh climatic conditions. Germany saw a slight decrease in production due to inflation and high production costs.