A study by the National Rating Agency (NRA) has found that Russia has not been able to replace imports of key products with domestic production, despite the government's import substitution strategy. The strategy, introduced in response to Western sanctions, aimed to reduce imports of goods produced domestically. However, the NRA found that only meat imports have seen a significant reduction, with other categories such as dairy, fruits, and vegetables still reliant on imports. These imports have been sourced from countries like Belarus, Chile, and Ecuador, with some evidence suggesting these countries may be re-exporting sub-sanctioned products.