Smallholder farmers contribute to 40% of the global palm oil production, but only 8.8% of the certified sustainable palm oil (CSPO). Independent smallholders face challenges in certification and have underperformed in productivity and income. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) membership growth has been slow, and there is a need for more 'boots on the ground' support and public-private partnerships. The article also discusses the psychological factors influencing consumer preferences towards palm oil-free products.