The Mediterranean and the EU are currently the only major citrus production areas that have not been severely affected by HLB, a devastating disease caused by Candidatus liberibacter bacteria. However, this situation is now under threat due to the expansion of the insect vector Trioza erytreae in northern Spain and along the Atlantic coast of Portugal, as well as the presence of Diaphorina citri, an efficient carrier of the most aggressive strain of HLB, in Cyprus and Israel. This has led to calls for increased prevention measures, research on biological control methods, and stricter controls on the introduction of plant material in the EU.