The size of tuna purse seine fishing vessels has been decreasing, but their catch has been increasing, posing new challenges for the sustainable development of global tuna fisheries. The total fishing capacity has increased, driven by new technologies and vessel upgrades. Indonesian-flagged fishing vessels are leading this growth. Despite a decrease in the number of large purse seine fishing vessels, their performance improvement has offset the decrease, leading to high global tuna catches. However, balancing resource protection and economic interests is a challenge, with some regional fishery management organizations struggling to manage fishing intensity and tuna population recovery. The future of tuna fisheries will depend on the balance between fishing and protection, technology advancements, and fishery management measures.