A study by a Kiev-based research center predicts that Ukraine's agricultural sector may take up to 20 years to recover from the effects of a full-scale Russian invasion, due to significant drops in production of key crops. The country's grain and oilseeds harvest is projected to decrease from 106 million tonnes in 2021 to around 65 million tonnes in 2023. The sunflower, barley, and wheat sectors are expected to recover by 2040, while the corn, rye, oat, and rapeseed sectors are expected to recover by 2050. The extension of the Black Sea grain deal, which allows Ukraine to resume grain exports, is currently under discussion.