칠레산 신선 아보카도

History

Avocados have been grown in Chile since the early 20th century, but commercial production accelerated in the 1980s with the growing global popularity of the fruit, especially the Hass cultivar. Chile quickly emerged as a reliable supplier to the US and European markets, developing a reputation for high phytosanitary and quality standards. Over time, growers adopted more advanced irrigation and post-harvest technologies to ensure competitiveness in international markets.

Production Regions

• Valparaíso Region: The leading avocado-growing area, especially around Quillota and Petorca, thanks to Mediterranean-like conditions ideal for Hass avocados.
• Metropolitan Region: Includes areas like Melipilla and the Maipo Valley, also important for avocado cultivation.
• Coquimbo and O’Higgins Regions: Emerging regions, particularly for newer plantations due to their altitudes and available land.

These regions offer ideal elevations (400–1,000 meters above sea level) and climates for high oil-content Hass avocados.

Growing Conditions

• Climate: Chile’s central regions feature a Mediterranean climate, hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. Avocados require warm temperatures and are sensitive to frost, making this climate ideal.
• Altitude: Most orchards are planted at mid-elevations (400 to 1,000 m), helping develop richer oil content and extended shelf life.
• Soil: Avocados prefer well-drained, sandy loam soils with a pH between 5.5 and 7.5. Chilean producers often use raised beds or ridging to enhance root aeration and drainage.
• Irrigation: Since rainfall is limited and irregular, nearly all avocado orchards rely on drip irrigation systems sourced from rivers, reservoirs, or wells. Ongoing droughts have prompted the adoption of water-saving technologies.
• Farming System: Primarily intensive orchard systems with high-density planting, trellising, and pruning to manage canopy and sunlight exposure.

Harvesting Process

• Timing: Avocado harvesting in Chile runs from August to February, with peak exports between October and January, allowing them to reach key markets during the Northern Hemisphere’s off-season.
• Maturity Index: Fruit is harvested based on dry matter content (typically 21 to 23%) to ensure ripeness and post-harvest durability.
• Hand Picking: Workers use clippers and picking poles to harvest avocados manually, minimizing skin damage. Harvested fruit is placed in bins and transported to packing facilities the same day.
• Post-Harvest: Avocados are washed, sorted, and packed in refrigerated facilities. Fruit is cooled to 5 to 7°C before export to extend shelf life. Chilean avocados are known for having a long post-harvest life of 30 to 40 days, making them suitable for long-distance shipping.

Cultivation Methods

• Pruning & Canopy Management: Orchards are regularly pruned to maintain tree height (around 3 to 4 m), allowing for easier harvest and better sunlight penetration.
• Pest & Disease Control: Integrated pest management (IPM) is common, including biological controls for thrips and mites. Fungal issues like Phytophthora root rot are managed via soil monitoring and drainage systems.
• Fertilization: Fertilizer application is based on soil and leaf analysis, with micronutrient management critical for oil development and yield.

Supply Chain

• Producers: Chile has around 30,000 hectares (ha) under avocado cultivation, with a mix of large-scale commercial orchards and medium-sized family farms.
• Exporters: Many exporters are vertically integrated, controlling both farms and packinghouses.
• Cooperatives: Some small- and mid-sized growers belong to cooperatives that help with logistics, certifications, and securing international buyers.
• Packing and Cold Chain: State-of-the-art packinghouses handle cleaning, classification, and packaging. Controlled atmosphere containers are used for sea shipments to maintain firmness and quality.
• Ports: Main ports for avocado exports are San Antonio and Valparaíso, which ship avocados mainly to the US, Europe, and China.

Local Logistics

• Transport: Avocados are trucked from farms to packinghouses in refrigerated trucks. Most packinghouses are within close proximity to orchards to minimize time from harvest to cooling.
• Storage: Exporters maintain cold storage facilities with pre-cooling and temperature control systems to slow ripening and prolong shelf life.
• Distribution: Export logistics include both air freight for premium markets (UAE) and sea freight for bulk exports (US, EU, China).

Regulations and Certifications

• Phytosanitary Standards: Overseen by SAG (Servicio Agrícola y Ganadero) to ensure fruit is free of pests and diseases for export compliance.
• Certifications: Chilean avocados often carry: Global G.A.P, GRASP (for social Practices), BRC or HACCP (for food safety), Rainforest Alliance (increasingly common).
• Sustainability Guidelines: Water usage and traceability are key compliance areas for European and Asian markets. 

Quality Standards

• Size/Count: It can be 12, 14, or 16 per carton
• Skin appearance: no blemishes or scratches
• Firmness and oil content
• Dry Matter: A minimum of 21 to 23% dry matter is required before harvest. This ensures optimal taste and storage life.
• Traceability: Each box includes full traceability data from orchard to export, meeting EU and US import standards.

Trade Terms

• Exports (2023): Chile exported approximately 145,000 metric tons (mt) of avocados.
• HS Code: 0804.40 (Avocados, fresh or dried)
• Top Importers: Europe (~65%), United States (~20%), and China and South Korea are growing markets. 

Environmental Impact

• Water Use: Avocado production has been criticized for high water use, particularly in drought-affected regions like Petorca. Chile has responded with drip irrigation, water rights management, and new sustainability certifications.
• Soil Health: Intensive farming has led to soil compaction and erosion in some areas. Crop rotation and organic amendments are being introduced.
• Climate Change: Rising temperatures and erratic rainfall patterns are impacting yield predictability, prompting research into heat-tolerant rootstocks.

Social Impact

• Employment: The avocado industry supports thousands of seasonal and permanent jobs in rural Chile.
• Smallholder Inclusion: Around 30% of producers are small-to-medium farmers who benefit from technical assistance, cooperatives, and public-private export support.
• Community Concerns: Local populations in Petorca and other drought-prone areas have raised concerns about water usage, leading to public scrutiny and regulatory changes.

Uses

• Fresh Consumption: Chilean avocados are consumed fresh in both domestic and export markets—used in salads, sandwiches, and guacamole.
• Processed Avocados: A small volume is used for purée, frozen pulp, or oil, but Chile focuses on fresh whole fruit for premium export value.