Research in the Netherlands has shown that the volume of milk fed to calves significantly affects their performance and metabolism. A study involving 86 Holstein heifers found that those receiving double the usual milk replacer volume had higher average daily gain and produced more milk with a higher fat content in the first two lactations. The well-fed group also had the highest survival rate in the first three lactations. The research emphasizes the importance of early nutrition in shaping an animal's future performance and highlights the potential for improved energy metabolism in young dairy cows.