Derived Products
HS Code
120799
Last Updated
2026-04-12
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
- Chia Seed market coverage spans 155 countries.
- 1,078 exporter companies and 1,296 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
- 6,686 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
- 4 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
- Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 0.
- Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
- Page data last updated on 2026-04-12.
Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for Chia Seed
Analyze 6,686 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for Chia Seed.
Chia Seed Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum
Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in Chia Seed to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for Chia Seed: Argentina (+35.6%), Spain (-32.3%), United Kingdom (-27.6%).
Chia Seed Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary
As of 2025-05, benchmark Chia Seed country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Chia Seed transaction unit prices: Costa Rica (7.74 USD / kg), Bangladesh (4.50 USD / kg), United States (4.44 USD / kg), South Africa (4.31 USD / kg), Peru (4.24 USD / kg), 13 more countries.
| Country | YoY Change | Transaction Count | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Paraguay | +24.6% | 1,024 | 2.20 USD / kg (1,458,418 kg) | 2.06 USD / kg (835,050 kg) | 2.56 USD / kg (989,480 kg) | 1.96 USD / kg (1,986,094 kg) | 2.24 USD / kg (2,978,610 kg) | 2.64 USD / kg (3,836,721 kg) | ||||||
| India | +18.8% | 2,732 | 1.88 USD / kg (4,509,278.462 kg) | 2.03 USD / kg (4,366,083.221 kg) | 2.21 USD / kg (5,528,039.601 kg) | 2.46 USD / kg (3,032,786.021 kg) | 2.60 USD / kg (4,842,467.801 kg) | 2.67 USD / kg (2,032,981.508 kg) | ||||||
| Bolivia | +6.7% | 871 | 2.48 USD / kg (288,332 kg) | 2.50 USD / kg (85,000 kg) | 2.28 USD / kg (646,716.4 kg) | 2.31 USD / kg (2,041,148 kg) | 2.40 USD / kg (2,299,712.4 kg) | 2.46 USD / kg (4,375,381.88 kg) | ||||||
| Peru | +22.0% | 513 | 4.49 USD / kg (230,383.751 kg) | 4.02 USD / kg (252,528.69 kg) | 3.81 USD / kg (351,199.91 kg) | 4.27 USD / kg (235,771.3 kg) | 4.01 USD / kg (290,029.19 kg) | 4.24 USD / kg (319,101.7 kg) | ||||||
| Argentina | +35.6% | 456 | 1.49 USD / kg (381,010 kg) | 1.93 USD / kg (353,048.741 kg) | 1.61 USD / kg (511,929.999 kg) | 1.70 USD / kg (1,549,940 kg) | 1.67 USD / kg (2,577,649.997 kg) | 1.99 USD / kg (2,579,098.002 kg) | ||||||
| United States | -25.3% | 195 | 4.70 USD / kg (62,019.88 kg) | 3.91 USD / kg (22,848.28 kg) | 5.51 USD / kg (25,960.5 kg) | 3.73 USD / kg (33,142.579 kg) | 5.88 USD / kg (35,453.726 kg) | 4.44 USD / kg (43,971.328 kg) | ||||||
| South Africa | -5.6% | 173 | 4.66 USD / kg (110.57 kg) | 7.16 USD / kg (57.77 kg) | 5.71 USD / kg (135.66 kg) | 5.05 USD / kg (115.34 kg) | 6.22 USD / kg (269.29 kg) | 4.31 USD / kg (280.14 kg) | ||||||
| United Kingdom | -27.6% | 55 | 0.82 USD / kg (49 kg) | 0.91 USD / kg (51,709 kg) | 1.40 USD / kg (68 kg) | 0.72 USD / kg (32 kg) | 0.99 USD / kg (71 kg) | 1.00 USD / kg (94 kg) | ||||||
| Costa Rica | +10.3% | 54 | 6.84 USD / kg (275.53 kg) | 6.90 USD / kg (348.75 kg) | - (-) | 5.91 USD / kg (5,156.25 kg) | 6.34 USD / kg (11,170.68 kg) | 7.74 USD / kg (417.47 kg) | ||||||
| China | -13.8% | 42 | - (-) | - (-) | 2.16 USD / kg (29,125 kg) | 1.55 USD / kg (100,978 kg) | 1.46 USD / kg (52,081.6 kg) | 2.45 USD / kg (52,646 kg) |
Chia Seed Global Supply Chain Coverage
2,374 companies
1,078 exporters and 1,296 importers are mapped for Chia Seed.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for Chia Seed, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.
Chia Seed Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals
1,078 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for Chia Seed. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.
Chia Seed Verified Export Suppliers and Premium Partners
4 premium Chia Seed suppliers include country, industry, and contactability signals to prioritize credible export partners faster.
Fidus Global Traders
Uruguay
Contact
Food PackagingFood WholesalersBrokers And Trade AgenciesOthers
KORE INTERNATIONAL
India
Food ManufacturingFood WholesalersBrokers And Trade Agencies
Morlife Pty Ltd
Australia
Food ManufacturingFood PackagingOthers
Health Smart Solutions Pty Ltd
South Africa
Food ManufacturingFood Packaging
Become a Premium Supplier to join the Tridge Supply Chain Network and advance your marketing and export channel strategy.
Chia Seed Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles
Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 1,078 total exporter companies in the Chia Seed supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(Peru)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-12
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Sales Revenue: USD 1M - 5M
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleTrade
(Netherlands)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-12
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 10M - 50M
Industries: Beverage ManufacturingFood WholesalersFood PackagingFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / PackingFood ManufacturingDistribution / Wholesale
(Ecuador)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-12
Industries: Crop Production
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / Packing
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-12
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food WholesalersCrop ProductionFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleTradeFood Manufacturing
(Chile)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-12
Employee Size: 51 - 100 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 10M - 50M
Industries: Crop ProductionFood ManufacturingFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleFarming / Production / Processing / PackingTradeFood Manufacturing
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-12-16
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Brokers And Trade AgenciesFood WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleOthersTrade
Chia Seed Global Exporter Coverage
1,078 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for Chia Seed supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow Chia Seed opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.
Top Exporting Countries for Chia Seed (HS Code 120799) in 2024
For Chia Seed in 2024, compare export volume and value across the top 10 supplier countries to map core supply structure.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Paraguay | 69,804,800 kg | 153,450,497.5 USD | View → |
| 2 | Canada | 6,701,309 kg | 55,130,008.868 USD | View → |
| 3 | Ukraine | 17,791,319 kg | 38,298,790.43 USD | View → |
| 4 | Burkina Faso | 69,536,677 kg | 26,926,279.105 USD | View → |
| 5 | Bolivia | 11,255,316.33 kg | 25,541,968.99 USD | View → |
| 6 | Mexico | 6,405,915 kg | 24,942,497 USD | View → |
| 7 | India | 13,181,726 kg | 23,943,124.909 USD | View → |
| 8 | Lithuania | 2,727,284.605 kg | 17,540,434 USD | View → |
| 9 | United States | 4,874,774 kg | 17,348,104 USD | View → |
| 10 | Hungary | 28,949,527.8 kg | 16,284,814 USD | View → |
Chia Seed Export Trade Flow and Partner Country Summary
Track Chia Seed exporter-to-importer flows by value, volume, and share to uncover high-potential export routes.
Chia Seed Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks
1,296 importer companies are mapped for Chia Seed demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.
Chia Seed Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners
Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 1,296 total importer companies tracked for Chia Seed. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(United States)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-15
Recently Import Partner Companies: 4
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Mexico)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-12
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Brokers And Trade AgenciesCrop ProductionFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
(Canada)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-12-01
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Freight Forwarding And IntermodalShipping And Water Transport
Value Chain Roles: -
(Uzbekistan)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-01-12
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(Paraguay)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-11-25
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(Paraguay)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-11-19
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
1,296 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for Chia Seed.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active Chia Seed buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.
Top Import Demand Countries for Chia Seed (HS Code 120799) in 2024
For Chia Seed in 2024, compare import volume and value across the top 10 demand countries to identify priority markets.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 27,556,002.705 kg | 88,733,662.678 USD | View → |
| 2 | India | 103,160,352 kg | 60,589,822.594 USD | View → |
| 3 | South Korea | 25,031,080.602 kg | 52,949,687 USD | View → |
| 4 | Netherlands | 17,764,579.087 kg | 51,597,803.888 USD | View → |
| 5 | Mexico | 12,761,780 kg | 39,622,067 USD | View → |
| 6 | Italy | 11,005,938.38 kg | 27,489,796.699 USD | View → |
| 7 | Canada | 8,397,138.957 kg | 27,354,879.598 USD | View → |
| 8 | Romania | 6,462,343.963 kg | 18,308,125.39 USD | View → |
| 9 | Australia | 5,979,678.763 kg | 17,944,994.47 USD | View → |
| 10 | Sweden | 7,911,172.229 kg | 17,497,856.111 USD | View → |
Chia Seed Import Trade Flow and Origin Country Summary
Analyze Chia Seed origin-to-destination trade flows by value, volume, and share to monitor demand-side sourcing channels.
Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for Chia Seed
Chia Seed Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country
Monthly Chia Seed wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2025-09, countries with visible Chia Seed wholesale unit prices: Ukraine (3.75 USD / kg).
| Country | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ukraine | 2.83 USD / kg | 2.88 USD / kg | 3.04 USD / kg | 3.13 USD / kg | 3.75 USD / kg | - |
Chia Seed Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries
Compare Chia Seed wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 1 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
Latest Chia Seed Wholesale Export Price Updates
Use the latest 5 Chia Seed wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
| Date | Entry Name | Unit Price (USD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-04-01 | Чіа ***** ** *** * ******* **** | 4.08 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | Чіа ***** * *** * ******* **** | 4.16 USD / kg | |
| 2026-01-01 | Чиа * ******* ****** | 3.28 USD / kg | |
| 2025-11-01 | Чіа ****** *** *** * ******* **** | 0.96 USD / kg | |
| 2021-10-01 | Chi* ********* *********** **** * **** * ***** * ****** ************* * ****** **** ******** **** ******* ***** ******* ****** * **** ** ******* * **** ** ****** ******* | 2.95 USD / kg |
Classification
Product TypeRaw Material
Product FormDried
Industry PositionPrimary Agricultural Product
Raw Material
Commodity GroupOilseed (functional food seed)
Scientific NameSalvia hispanica L.
PerishabilityLow
Growing Conditions
- Warm-season annual crop; performance is sensitive to drought and heat stress depending on production zone
- Requires well-drained soils and careful harvest timing to reduce shattering losses and minimize field contamination
Main VarietiesBlack chia, White chia
Consumption Forms
- Whole seed as a food ingredient (bakery, cereals, snacks, beverages)
- Milled chia (flour) for ingredient applications
- Chia oil (niche) and other processed ingredient formats
Grading Factors
- Moisture control (to protect quality and safety)
- Foreign matter and impurities (stones, stems, dust)
- Seed color uniformity (black/white) where specified
- Odor/rancidity indicators (oxidation)
- Microbiological criteria and contaminant compliance for destination markets
Planting to HarvestAnnual crop harvested within a single growing season after seed maturation; timing varies by latitude and cultivar.
Market
Chia seed (Salvia hispanica) is a globally traded, shelf-stable oilseed used primarily as a functional food ingredient, with demand anchored in health-positioned products (omega-3/ALA and fiber claims) and a strong organic segment. Commercial supply is concentrated in the Americas—especially the Southern Cone—while major consumption markets are North America and the European Union, where regulatory and food-safety expectations shape specifications. Trade is typically handled as bulk, cleaned seed for further packing and ingredient processing, with quality differentiation driven by cleanliness, moisture control, and contaminant risk management. Market dynamics are influenced by weather-driven yield variability in key origins and by compliance costs for import-market requirements.
Market GrowthGrowing (medium-term outlook)Demand expansion tied to health and functional-food positioning, with periodic volatility driven by crop yields and compliance costs
Major Producing Countries
- ParaguayFrequently cited among key commercial origins for export-oriented chia supply; production and export leadership commonly reflected in trade-flow reporting for chia seed.
- BoliviaImportant origin for export supply, including organic programs; commonly referenced in global chia sourcing.
- ArgentinaSignificant Southern Cone producer with export participation; supply variability can follow seasonal weather patterns.
- MexicoOrigin crop regionally; produces for domestic use and export, with production geography and seasonality differing from Southern Cone origins.
- AustraliaEstablished producer supplying domestic and export markets, with quality programs oriented to regulated import markets.
Major Exporting Countries
- ParaguayCommonly reported as a major export origin for chia seed shipments into North America and Europe.
- BoliviaKey exporter, including organic and specialty programs.
- ArgentinaRegular exporter within South American supply base.
- AustraliaExports into high-compliance markets; often positioned on traceability and quality assurance.
Major Importing Countries
- United StatesMajor destination market for food and ingredient use; import demand tied to packaged foods, supplements, and health-positioned products.
- GermanyLarge EU consumer and processing market for seeds and health foods; demand influenced by EU novel-food and food-safety compliance.
- NetherlandsImportant EU logistics and redistribution hub for agricultural ingredients.
- CanadaSignificant consumer and ingredient market aligned with North American specifications.
- JapanPremium import market with stringent food-safety and labeling expectations.
Specification
Major VarietiesBlack chia, White chia
Physical Attributes
- Small, oval seeds with mottled appearance (commonly black/gray/white), requiring thorough cleaning to meet food-grade specifications
- High water absorption and gel-forming behavior in aqueous applications, influencing usage in beverages, bakery, and thickening applications
Compositional Metrics
- Marketed for omega-3 (alpha-linolenic acid, ALA) content and dietary fiber; buyer specifications often focus on oxidation stability and absence of off-odors
- Low-moisture status makes moisture control and water activity management central to quality and safety programs
Grades
- Food grade (cleaned, ready for packing/ingredient use)
- Organic-certified food grade (where applicable)
- Ingredient/processing grade (for milling or oil extraction, depending on buyer specification)
Packaging
- Bulk multiwall paper sacks or woven polypropylene bags with food-grade liners for international shipment
- Intermediate bulk containers (FIBCs/big bags) for industrial handling where permitted by buyer requirements
- Retail-ready consumer packs are typically filled in destination markets from imported bulk lots
ProcessingCleaning and decontamination expectations vary by buyer; some supply chains incorporate validated microbial reduction steps for low-moisture seeds when required by risk assessments
Supply Chain
Value Chain
- Cultivation -> harvest -> field drying (where used) -> cleaning/sieving/aspiration (foreign matter removal) -> moisture management -> bulk packing -> ocean/land freight -> destination re-cleaning (optional) -> packing/milling -> food manufacturing/retail
Demand Drivers
- Use as a functional ingredient in bakery, cereals, snack bars, beverages, and health-oriented packaged foods
- Growth of organic and clean-label product lines in North America and the European Union
- Formulation use for texture and hydration properties (gel formation) in certain applications
Temperature
- Typically shipped and stored ambient; quality preservation depends on keeping seed dry and limiting exposure to heat that can accelerate oxidation
- Moisture ingress control is critical during transport to prevent quality loss and microbial risk escalation
Atmosphere Control
- Packaging that limits moisture and oxygen exposure supports oxidation control for longer storage; specific atmosphere control is buyer-dependent
Shelf Life
- Generally long shelf life as a low-moisture seed when kept dry, cool, and protected from oxygen and light; rancidity risk increases with poor storage conditions
Risks
Climate HighGlobal supply is meaningfully exposed to seasonal weather variability in a relatively concentrated set of producing regions, which can reduce exportable surplus and trigger price and availability volatility for food manufacturers relying on bulk seed.Dual-source across multiple origins and crop years where feasible, maintain approved supplier lists with interchangeable specifications, and align contracting with verified crop and logistics updates.
Food Safety MediumAs a low-moisture seed, chia can still carry pathogens (e.g., Salmonella) and may face strict microbiological criteria from importers; contamination events can lead to recalls and border rejections.Use supplier approval programs with validated preventive controls (hygienic handling, environmental monitoring where applicable) and risk-based testing aligned to Codex low-moisture food hygiene guidance.
Regulatory Compliance MediumMarket access and labeling requirements—particularly in the European Union where chia has a novel-food regulatory history—can constrain product uses, require documentation, and increase compliance costs for exporters and brand owners.Maintain up-to-date destination-market regulatory dossiers, ensure specification alignment with permitted uses/labels, and implement robust traceability and documentation for each lot.
Quality Deterioration MediumMoisture ingress during storage or shipment can drive quality degradation (off-odors, clumping, increased spoilage risk), while oxidation can reduce sensory acceptance in long storage durations.Specify moisture/cleanliness parameters contractually, require moisture-barrier packaging and container desiccation practices where appropriate, and monitor storage conditions through the distribution chain.
Logistics LowBulk agricultural shipments are exposed to freight disruptions and port congestion; delays can increase storage time and quality risk even for shelf-stable products.Use buffer inventory strategies and diversify logistics routes and ports of exit/entry when possible.
Sustainability
- Climate-related yield variability in key producing regions, with drought and heat stress affecting output stability
- Land-use change and biodiversity impacts where oilseed acreage expansion occurs, increasing buyer scrutiny of traceability and responsible sourcing
Labor & Social
- Traceability and supply-chain transparency challenges in multi-origin, aggregator-based procurement models
- Worker safety considerations in harvesting and post-harvest cleaning/drying operations (dust exposure and machinery hazards)
FAQ
Which countries are the main global exporting origins for chia seed?Global export supply is commonly concentrated in the Americas—especially Paraguay, Bolivia, and Argentina—with Australia also exporting into high-compliance markets. For the most current ranking by destination market, confirm in ITC Trade Map.
What are the most common buyer specification priorities for traded chia seed?Food-grade transactions typically prioritize thorough cleaning (low foreign matter), strong moisture management to prevent quality loss, and compliance with microbiological and contaminant expectations in destination markets. These priorities reflect the product’s low-moisture handling risks and the stricter compliance environment in major importing regions.
Why does EU regulatory compliance come up frequently in chia seed trade discussions?Chia seed has a novel-food regulatory history in the European Union, which means permitted uses, labeling, and documentation expectations can be more specific than for long-established staples. Exporters and brand owners often treat EU requirements as a high bar for compliance programs used across multiple markets.
Sources
Chia Seed Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices
Explore country-level Chia Seed market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
All country market pages: Bolivia, Mexico, United States, Argentina, Germany, India, Chile, Spain, Netherlands, Peru, United Kingdom, France, Turkiye, Austria, Australia, Tanzania, Brazil, Nicaragua, Ecuador, Italy, Latvia, Canada, Paraguay, Vietnam, Burkina Faso, Thailand, Nigeria, Poland, China, Colombia, Japan, Kenya, Singapore, Switzerland, Malaysia, Morocco, Ukraine, Zimbabwe, Portugal, Venezuela, Lithuania, South Africa, Ethiopia, Greece, Croatia, Saudi Arabia, Benin, Ivory Coast, Hungary, Slovakia, Indonesia, Czechia, Egypt, Bulgaria, South Korea, Russia, Panama, Philippines, Sweden, Myanmar [Burma], Romania, Bangladesh, Costa Rica, Taiwan, Slovenia, Uganda, United Arab Emirates, Belgium, Denmark, Estonia, Rwanda, Zambia, Algeria, Norway, Israel, Ireland, Andorra, Albania, Armenia, Aruba, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Barbados, Bahrain, Burundi, Bermuda, Brunei, Bahamas, Bhutan, Botswana, Belize, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Finland, Fiji, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Gambia, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Honduras, Iraq, Iran, Iceland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Laos, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Liberia, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, Madagascar, Macedonia, Mongolia, Macao, Malta, Mauritius, Maldives, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nepal, New Zealand, Oman, Papua New Guinea, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Serbia, Seychelles, Senegal, Somalia, El Salvador, Syria, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Yemen
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