Afghanistan will continue to import grain and flour from Kazakhstan, albeit in reduced quantities compared to 2022, despite local flour milling enterprises' requests to ban such imports. The country produces 2-3 million tons of grain annually but needs an additional 3-4 million tons. Factors influencing this decision include increased import duties and a good domestic wheat yield. Afghan millers favor Kazakhstani flour for its brand reputation but have also purchased Russian flour due to quality and cost considerations. Active purchases from Kazakhstan are anticipated to resume by the end of September.