Sicily's pine nut production has seen a drastic decrease, from 90,000 quintals annually to just 5-6 thousand, due to a combination of factors including an insect invasion, climate change, and forest fires. The Leptoglossus occidentalis insect, originally from the United States, has caused significant damage to pine cones, leading to lower yields. Despite the loss, the Ministry of Agricultural Policies has prohibited the use of a biological control measure identified by University of Palermo entomologists. As a result, many pine nuts in the market are imported, with Italy's production primarily used for local consumption and culinary traditions. Consumers are urged to ensure they are not consuming pine nuts treated with harmful substances.