A study by EUMOFA has found that despite declining cod stocks in EU waters, cod production has increased since 2009. The EU was the fifth largest producer of cod in 2018, accounting for 7% of global production. However, the EU's self-sufficiency for cod was only 7%, meaning the majority of cod consumed in the EU is imported. The study also looked at the price structure of frozen cod fillets in Belgium, France, and the Netherlands.