A report by the Vietnam Association of Seafood Exporters and Producers and the World Bank warns of potential economic losses for Vietnam due to the European Commission's yellow card warning, issued in October 2017, over concerns of illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. The report estimates an annual loss of around $387 million from caught seafood and $93 million from the aquaculture industry, with the potential for a significant disruption to Vietnam's seafood exports if the issue is not addressed. The report suggests that removing the yellow card and leveraging tariff preferences under free trade agreements could aid in recovery and growth in the seafood exports to the European Union.