A study by Teagasc researchers Trevor Donnellan and Emma Dillon predicts a 4% increase in Irish milk production in 2025, with high production costs expected to persist. Despite these challenges, a rise in the annual average milk price is anticipated, leading to improved margins for dairy farms. Assuming normal weather conditions, feed expenditure is projected to decrease by 9%, contributing to a stable total production cost per hectare. In a high-fat and protein milk market, the forecast for the annual average Irish milk price in 2025 is around 52.2 cent per litre, with a potential impact on gross and net margins for dairy farms.