From July to November 2023, Russia saw a significant increase in grain and pulses exports to the EU, with a total of 2.23 million tons, up from 968 thousand tons in the same period in 2022. Spain and Italy were the primary EU importers of Russian grain. Meanwhile, Ukraine also experienced a rise in grain exports in 2023, selling a total of 44.8 million tons, marking a 16% increase from 2022. The top importers of Ukrainian grain were Spain, China, and Romania.