The European Union passed legislation in 2023 requiring seven agricultural commodities to be "deforestation free" before importation, including coffee. The law went into effect on June 29, 2023, with enforcement beginning in January 2025. Timor-Leste, one of the world’s poorest countries, heavily relies on coffee as a cash crop, and the new legislation may have significant impacts on smallholder coffee farmers in the region. The regulation places a significant compliance burden on importers, and understanding the realities facing smallholder farmers in Timor-Leste is essential to understanding why compliance may be impossible for many.