Sub Product
Derived Products
HS Code
070920
Last Updated
2026-03-30
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
- Fresh Asparagus market coverage spans 126 countries.
- 883 exporter companies and 941 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
- 44,640 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
- 0 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
- Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 0.
- Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
- Page data last updated on 2026-03-30.
Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for Fresh Asparagus
Analyze 44,640 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for Fresh Asparagus.
Fresh Asparagus Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum
Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in Fresh Asparagus to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for Fresh Asparagus: Poland (+203.7%), Argentina (+98.3%), Germany (+40.9%).
Fresh Asparagus Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary
As of 2025-05, benchmark Fresh Asparagus country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Fresh Asparagus transaction unit prices: United Arab Emirates (14.19 USD / kg), Netherlands (13.86 USD / kg), Spain (12.20 USD / kg), Costa Rica (9.96 USD / kg), South Africa (7.66 USD / kg), 12 more countries.
| Country | YoY Change | Transaction Count | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam | +4.0% | 3,825 | 5.89 USD / kg (36,979.3 kg) | 5.97 USD / kg (29,233.1 kg) | 6.11 USD / kg (34,811.4 kg) | 6.28 USD / kg (64,833.5 kg) | 6.23 USD / kg (66,292.4 kg) | 6.23 USD / kg (52,807 kg) | ||||||
| Thailand | -3.5% | 676 | 7.60 USD / kg (15,041.5 kg) | 7.11 USD / kg (17,867.4 kg) | 6.99 USD / kg (17,055.4 kg) | 7.63 USD / kg (11,669.3 kg) | 7.28 USD / kg (18,116.6 kg) | 6.60 USD / kg (13,300.5 kg) | ||||||
| United States | -0.2% | 424 | 5.46 USD / kg (78,644.4 kg) | 6.61 USD / kg (31,962.18 kg) | 6.61 USD / kg (13,427 kg) | 6.15 USD / kg (20,621.41 kg) | 5.86 USD / kg (47,779.25 kg) | 5.75 USD / kg (57,322.96 kg) | ||||||
| Peru | -11.9% | 33,611 | 3.13 USD / kg (11,247,010.883 kg) | 3.73 USD / kg (14,475,541.878 kg) | 3.93 USD / kg (18,368,284.358 kg) | 4.51 USD / kg (20,905,802.076 kg) | 3.80 USD / kg (21,302,632.023 kg) | 3.44 USD / kg (31,678,273.046 kg) | ||||||
| Netherlands | +23.3% | 545 | 10.32 USD / kg (1,375.97 kg) | 13.66 USD / kg (1,999.57 kg) | 14.33 USD / kg (1,100.56 kg) | 13.18 USD / kg (1,312.25 kg) | 12.93 USD / kg (2,324.69 kg) | 13.86 USD / kg (2,101.11 kg) | ||||||
| Ecuador | -23.3% | 347 | 3.12 USD / kg (98,690.09 kg) | 3.51 USD / kg (551,808 kg) | 5.24 USD / kg (195,483.14 kg) | 7.78 USD / kg (46,123 kg) | 8.24 USD / kg (40,224 kg) | 3.58 USD / kg (87,767 kg) | ||||||
| Costa Rica | -22.2% | 211 | 7.46 USD / kg (378.12 kg) | 7.34 USD / kg (504.43 kg) | 4.13 USD / kg (330.77 kg) | 5.51 USD / kg (282.64 kg) | 9.44 USD / kg (809.65 kg) | 9.96 USD / kg (927.14 kg) | ||||||
| South Africa | +13.3% | 199 | 4.67 USD / kg (111.45 kg) | 4.81 USD / kg (78.57 kg) | 5.00 USD / kg (64.09 kg) | - (-) | 8.83 USD / kg (57.99 kg) | 7.66 USD / kg (93.82 kg) | ||||||
| Chile | +2.0% | 144 | - (-) | - (-) | 4.71 USD / kg (-) | 4.59 USD / kg (215,639.68 kg) | 4.69 USD / kg (378,469.479 kg) | 5.07 USD / kg (550,178.32 kg) | ||||||
| France | +11.3% | 96 | 9.46 USD / kg (89 kg) | 5.85 USD / kg (44 kg) | 5.25 USD / kg (32 kg) | 5.13 USD / kg (24 kg) | 5.13 USD / kg (8 kg) | 5.25 USD / kg (24 kg) |
Fresh Asparagus Global Supply Chain Coverage
1,824 companies
883 exporters and 941 importers are mapped for Fresh Asparagus.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for Fresh Asparagus, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.
Fresh Asparagus Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals
883 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for Fresh Asparagus. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.
Fresh Asparagus Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles
Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 883 total exporter companies in the Fresh Asparagus supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(Peru)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-10-14
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Crop ProductionFood ManufacturingBrokers And Trade Agencies
Value Chain Roles: TradeFarming / Production / Processing / PackingFood Manufacturing
(New Zealand)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Brokers And Trade AgenciesCrop ProductionFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleOthersTrade
(Peru)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Industries: OthersCrop Production
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / Packing
(Peru)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-01-08
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Crop ProductionFood ManufacturingBeverage ManufacturingFood Packaging
Value Chain Roles: TradeFarming / Production / Processing / PackingFood ManufacturingDistribution / Wholesale
(Peru)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-12-31
Recently Export Partner Companies: 11
Industries: Crop Production
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / Packing
(Peru)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-07-25
Recently Export Partner Companies: 6
Employee Size: 1 - 10 Employees
Industries: Crop Production
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / Packing
Fresh Asparagus Global Exporter Coverage
883 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for Fresh Asparagus supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow Fresh Asparagus opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.
Top Exporting Countries for Fresh Asparagus (HS Code 070920) in 2024
For Fresh Asparagus in 2024, compare export volume and value across the top 10 supplier countries to map core supply structure.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Mexico | 137,833,046 kg | 328,299,744 USD | View → |
| 2 | United States | 45,256,210 kg | 146,910,073 USD | View → |
| 3 | Spain | 20,844,242.85 kg | 103,519,461.716 USD | View → |
| 4 | Netherlands | 8,413,700 kg | 71,079,971.351 USD | View → |
| 5 | Italy | 8,350,014 kg | 51,069,842.176 USD | View → |
| 6 | Germany | 4,879,741 kg | 38,238,809.891 USD | View → |
| 7 | Greece | 5,324,283 kg | 26,714,352.277 USD | View → |
| 8 | Belgium | 2,629,291.01 kg | 19,375,245.548 USD | View → |
| 9 | Canada | 3,518,244 kg | 14,561,914.438 USD | View → |
| 10 | Hungary | 3,542,479 kg | 14,048,009 USD | View → |
Fresh Asparagus Export Trade Flow and Partner Country Summary
Track Fresh Asparagus exporter-to-importer flows by value, volume, and share to uncover high-potential export routes.
Fresh Asparagus Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks
941 importer companies are mapped for Fresh Asparagus demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.
Fresh Asparagus Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners
Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 941 total importer companies tracked for Fresh Asparagus. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(Netherlands)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-11-17
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(Spain)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 101 - 500 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 10M - 50M
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(United Kingdom)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Employee Size: 501 - 1000 Employees
Industries: Crop ProductionFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(South Africa)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-04-17
Recently Import Partner Companies: 2
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(Peru)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food WholesalersCrop Production
Value Chain Roles: -
(South Korea)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-26
Recently Import Partner Companies: 5
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Industries: Brokers And Trade AgenciesCrop ProductionFood ManufacturingFood Packaging
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
941 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for Fresh Asparagus.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active Fresh Asparagus buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.
Top Import Demand Countries for Fresh Asparagus (HS Code 070920) in 2024
For Fresh Asparagus in 2024, compare import volume and value across the top 10 demand countries to identify priority markets.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 233,790,258 kg | 723,232,586 USD | View → |
| 2 | Germany | 22,702,189.74 kg | 132,793,276.56 USD | View → |
| 3 | Spain | 15,606,598.28 kg | 82,328,574.469 USD | View → |
| 4 | Canada | 18,539,056.504 kg | 72,024,088.336 USD | View → |
| 5 | United Kingdom | 10,491,924 kg | 71,242,180.72 USD | View → |
| 6 | Switzerland | 8,047,875.697 kg | 65,563,208.362 USD | View → |
| 7 | Japan | 5,725,095 kg | 35,691,634.896 USD | View → |
| 8 | Belgium | 5,243,070.41 kg | 35,340,819.531 USD | View → |
| 9 | Netherlands | 5,800,767 kg | 31,477,133.698 USD | View → |
| 10 | Italy | 3,436,725 kg | 18,842,835.632 USD | View → |
Fresh Asparagus Import Trade Flow and Origin Country Summary
Analyze Fresh Asparagus origin-to-destination trade flows by value, volume, and share to monitor demand-side sourcing channels.
Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for Fresh Asparagus
Fresh Asparagus Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country
Monthly Fresh Asparagus wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Fresh Asparagus wholesale unit prices: United States (9.71 USD / kg), Spain (6.57 USD / kg), Mexico (6.52 USD / kg), China (2.77 USD / kg), Peru (1.85 USD / kg).
| Country | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| China | 2.00 USD / kg | 2.03 USD / kg | 2.12 USD / kg | 2.25 USD / kg | 2.59 USD / kg | 2.77 USD / kg | ||||||
| Peru | 2.00 USD / kg | 1.96 USD / kg | 2.05 USD / kg | 1.97 USD / kg | 1.88 USD / kg | 1.85 USD / kg | ||||||
| Mexico | 9.52 USD / kg | 8.65 USD / kg | 9.21 USD / kg | 8.85 USD / kg | 7.17 USD / kg | 6.52 USD / kg | ||||||
| Spain | 6.54 USD / kg | 7.38 USD / kg | 5.91 USD / kg | 7.65 USD / kg | 7.10 USD / kg | 6.57 USD / kg | ||||||
| United States | 6.81 USD / kg | 6.29 USD / kg | 6.27 USD / kg | 9.67 USD / kg | 8.70 USD / kg | 9.71 USD / kg |
Fresh Asparagus Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries
Compare Fresh Asparagus wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 5 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
| Rank | Country | Average | Lower | Upper | YoY | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | China | 2.66 USD / kg | 1.36 USD / kg | 6.61 USD / kg | -19.1% | View → |
| 2 | Peru | 1.97 USD / kg | 1.72 USD / kg | 2.20 USD / kg | +5.9% | View → |
| 3 | Mexico | 9.06 USD / kg | 4.12 USD / kg | 12.52 USD / kg | -0.0% | View → |
| 4 | Spain | 7.14 USD / kg | 1.10 USD / kg | 14.43 USD / kg | -15.7% | View → |
| 5 | United States | 7.74 USD / kg | 1.00 USD / kg | 12.83 USD / kg | +9.4% | View → |
Latest Fresh Asparagus Wholesale Export Price Updates
Use the latest 5 Fresh Asparagus wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
| Date | Entry Name | Unit Price (USD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-03-01 | 蘆筍-*** * ***** *** | 3.75 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Asp*********** * ******* ******* ****** **** ******** ** ** ******* ******** ******* ************ ******** ****** | 31.28 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | ESP**************** *********************** * | 1.79 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | ASP**** ***** ****** ***** ******* * ******* ****** | 13.45 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Asp*********** * ******* ******* ****** **** ******** ** ** ******* ******** ******* ***** ******** ****** | 33.64 USD / kg |
Classification
Product TypeRaw Material
Product FormFresh
Industry PositionPrimary Agricultural Product
Raw Material
Commodity GroupVegetables
Scientific NameAsparagus officinalis
PerishabilityHigh
Growing Conditions
- Perennial crop requiring well-drained soils and careful irrigation management in dry production zones
- Temperate production systems typically harvest in spring; some irrigated coastal systems support extended or year-round harvest scheduling
Main VarietiesGreen asparagus, White asparagus, Purple asparagus
Consumption Forms
- Fresh (cooked/steamed/grilled)
- Processed (frozen, canned) in some origin supply chains
Grading Factors
- Tip compactness/closure
- Straightness and overall spear form
- Spear diameter sizing and uniformity
- Color conformity (e.g., green/white requirements by type)
- Freedom from decay, bruising, and defects
Planting to HarvestTypically requires multiple seasons to establish; meaningful harvest generally begins after the establishment phase, with full production commonly reached after roughly 3–4 years in managed plantings (extension guidance).
Market
Fresh asparagus (HS 070920) is a highly perishable vegetable traded internationally with demand shaped by strong seasonal consumption patterns and premium retail/foodservice positioning. Global production is heavily concentrated in China, while export-oriented fresh supply is led by Peru and Mexico, which anchor off-season availability into major import markets. The United States is the largest single import market in recent UN Comtrade data (via WITS), with major European markets (notably Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom) also prominent. Market dynamics are strongly logistics-driven: maintaining rapid cooling and strict cold-chain control is central to preserving quality and avoiding toughening and decay during transport.
Major Producing Countries
Major Exporting Countries
- PeruTop exporter of fresh/chilled asparagus in recent UN Comtrade data (via WITS, HS 070920).
- MexicoTop-tier exporter of fresh/chilled asparagus in recent UN Comtrade data (via WITS, HS 070920).
- United StatesMaterial exporter in global HS 070920 trade flows (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
- SpainMajor European exporter in HS 070920 trade flows (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
- NetherlandsSignificant exporter/re-exporter role within European distribution (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
Major Importing Countries
- United StatesLargest import market by value for fresh/chilled asparagus in recent UN Comtrade data (via WITS, HS 070920).
- GermanyLeading import market in Europe for HS 070920 asparagus (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
- SpainLarge import market and intra-EU trading hub for HS 070920 asparagus (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
- United KingdomMajor import market for HS 070920 asparagus (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
- CanadaSignificant North American import market for HS 070920 asparagus (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
- JapanNotable import market in East Asia for HS 070920 asparagus (via WITS/UN Comtrade).
Supply Calendar
- Peru:Sep, Oct, Nov, DecYear-round harvest is feasible in coastal production systems, with trade press commonly describing peak export availability in early autumn through early winter.
- Mexico (Sonora):Dec, Jan, Feb, Mar, AprWinter-to-spring supply window for North American markets is commonly marketed by major growers as December–April harvest.
- Europe (temperate production belt):Apr, May, JunMain European harvest season is typically concentrated in spring (commonly cited as April–June in horticultural references).
Specification
Major VarietiesGreen asparagus (unblanched), White asparagus (blanched/etiolated), Purple asparagus
Physical Attributes
- Straight, turgid spears with compact/closed tips are preferred in higher grades (UNECE FFV-04).
- Spear diameter and uniformity are key commercial sizing parameters (UNECE FFV-04).
Compositional Metrics
- Rapid lignification (toughening) and loss of tenderness is a core quality concern when temperature control is poor (postharvest guidance).
Grades
- UNECE FFV-04 quality classes: “Extra”, Class I, Class II.
Packaging
- Cartons commonly use moisture-retaining pads to maintain high relative humidity and reduce butt-end drying (postharvest guidance).
- Bundled or loose spears are traded; sizing by diameter is commonly applied for grade/presentation (UNECE FFV-04).
Supply Chain
Value Chain
- Harvest (hand cutting) → rapid pre-cooling (often hydrocooling) → packing (humidity management) → refrigerated transport (air or reefer) → import inspection/clearance → wholesale/retail distribution.
Demand Drivers
- Seasonal spring consumption peak in temperate markets (notably Europe and North America) with additional off-season demand supported by imports.
- Premium fresh vegetable positioning in modern retail and foodservice where spear quality and freshness are highly visible to buyers.
Temperature
- Optimum storage/transport temperature is near 0–2°C with very high relative humidity (95–100%) to reduce dehydration and quality loss.
- Quality deterioration accelerates quickly at warmer temperatures, including faster toughening and decay risk.
Atmosphere Control
- Elevated CO2 atmospheres (commonly described around 5–10%) can help reduce decay and slow toughening under appropriate temperature control (postharvest guidance).
Shelf Life
- Fresh asparagus is highly perishable; rapid cooling immediately after harvest is emphasized in postharvest guidance.
- Extended storage at very low temperatures can carry disorder risks (including chilling-related quality issues) depending on time/conditions; quality management is typically oriented to short, fast-moving distribution windows.
Risks
Cold Chain and Shelf Life HighFresh asparagus deteriorates rapidly without strict temperature and humidity control; delays, warm excursions, or insufficient pre-cooling can quickly reduce tenderness and marketable quality, increasing shrink and claim risk in long-distance trade.Enforce rapid pre-cooling (commonly hydrocooling), maintain near 0–2°C and high humidity throughout handling, and use appropriate packaging/humidity control to minimize dehydration.
Supply Concentration MediumGlobal fresh export availability is concentrated in a small number of origins (notably Peru and Mexico in recent UN Comtrade/WITS trade flows), increasing exposure to localized shocks (weather, logistics disruptions, policy changes) in those supply basins.Maintain multi-origin sourcing programs (e.g., Peru/Mexico/Spain/US seasonal complements) and align promotions with validated supply windows.
Water Scarcity MediumKey export-oriented asparagus production systems can depend on irrigation in water-scarce environments; published sustainability research highlights groundwater pressure and water governance risk in Peru’s coastal asparagus regions, which can constrain long-run production resilience and elevate ESG scrutiny.Prioritize suppliers with verified water stewardship practices (metering, efficient irrigation, aquifer management engagement) and incorporate water-risk screening into origin strategy.
Regulatory Compliance MediumFresh asparagus trade is sensitive to pesticide residue compliance and phytosanitary requirements; non-compliance can lead to rejections, added treatments, or lost market access.Implement GAP/IPM programs, routine residue monitoring, and destination-specific compliance checks aligned with Codex and importing-country rules.
Sustainability
- Water stewardship and groundwater stress risks in key export production zones, notably irrigated coastal desert asparagus systems in Peru (e.g., Ica Valley).
- Cold-chain energy use and refrigerant management sensitivity due to near-0°C handling requirements for preserving fresh quality.
Labor & Social
- Seasonal labor availability and worker welfare in labor-intensive hand-harvest and packing operations.
- Occupational health and safety risks in field harvesting, handling, and packhouse environments (cuts, repetitive motion, heat/cold exposure).
FAQ
Which countries dominate global exports of fresh asparagus?Recent UN Comtrade data summarized via WITS for HS 070920 show Peru and Mexico as the top exporting countries, with other notable exporters including the United States, Spain, and the Netherlands.
Why is cold-chain performance such a critical issue for fresh asparagus trade?Postharvest guidance emphasizes that asparagus is highly perishable and needs near 0–2°C storage/transport with very high humidity to slow toughening and dehydration. Temperature abuse or delays can quickly reduce quality and shorten the marketable window.
What grade or class terminology is commonly used in international asparagus transactions?UNECE’s FFV-04 standard defines three quality classes for asparagus used in trade: “Extra”, Class I, and Class II, with sizing commonly specified by spear diameter.
Sources
Fresh Asparagus Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices
Explore country-level Fresh Asparagus market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
All country market pages: China, Peru, United States, United Kingdom, Mexico, Germany, Spain, Netherlands, Canada, Italy, Switzerland, France, Thailand, Argentina, Greece, Japan, Belgium, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Australia, Poland, Singapore, South Korea, Hong Kong, Latvia, Brazil, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Romania, Slovakia, Colombia, Ecuador, Bulgaria, Austria, Morocco, Denmark, Luxembourg, Sweden, Malaysia, Norway, Finland, Guatemala, Russia, Portugal, Czechia, Croatia, Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Slovenia, Turkiye, Kuwait, Maldives, Chile, Lithuania, New Zealand, India, Bahrain, Taiwan, Costa Rica, Iceland, Bangladesh, Bahamas, Vietnam, Panama, Armenia, Albania, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Barbados, Bermuda, Brunei, Bolivia, Botswana, Belize, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Kazakhstan, Laos, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Liberia, Lesotho, Moldova, Montenegro, Madagascar, Marshall Islands, Macedonia, Macao, Malta, Mauritius, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nicaragua, Nepal, Oman, Philippines, Paraguay, Serbia, El Salvador, Swaziland, Tunisia, Ukraine, Uganda, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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