Despite challenges such as delayed planting, waterlogging, and high pest pressure due to abnormal rainfall, and a cold spell that affected flowering rapeseed crops, the European Union's 2024 winter-crop harvest yield forecasts remain above the five-year average. The European Commission JRC MARS Bulletin reports that warmer-than-average temperatures and adequate soil moisture have led to positive anomalies in European winter-crop canopy conditions, indicative of above-average crop growth in many regions. However, moisture deficits are building in some areas due to less rainfall. The total EU wheat production in 2024/25 is expected to be 127.1 million tonnes, down from last year’s harvest of 132.5 million tonnes and 4.7% below the five-year average. Meanwhile, barley output is projected to increase significantly, and rapeseed production is expected to be lower due to a decrease in planted area despite higher yield.