Factory quotes for in-spec heifers and steers have increased, with one outlet in Co. Donegal raising its base price for bullocks to €4.70/kg. Most processors are paying €4.75-4.80/kg, plus breed bonus (if relevant). Cattle supply has peaked and numbers are declining, but demand for beef is expected to remain stable or increase. Cow prices remain steady, but high numbers of lean cows scoring below a 2+ in flesh may be distorting quotes. Under-24-month bulls are being quoted at flat prices of between €4.55/kg and €4.60/kg for R grades, with 10c/kg extra being quoted for U-grade bulls.