A study by CIFOR-ICRAF and partner institutions has explored the potential of palm oil production to benefit the environment and smallholder farmers in Tome Açu, Pará state, Brazil. The research, which surveyed 198 smallholders, found that while both agroforestry and oil palm can be economically successful, most farmers are not interested in devoting a majority of their land and labor to oil palm due to concerns about risk and the exclusionary business models often used in the industry. The study suggests that the wider adoption of palm oil, particularly in an agroforestry context, requires shifting to production systems and mill agreements that accommodate farmers' diverse livelihood strategies and preferences.