A recent study conducted by researchers in Brazil has highlighted the severe pollution in the Piracicaba, Capivari, and Jundiaí (PCJ) River Basin, which provides essential resources such as drinking water, energy, and irrigation for agriculture. The contamination is caused by a range of agricultural, industrial, and domestic effluents, including emerging contaminants not covered by legislation. These include perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), which are synthetic chemical compounds used in various products and have been linked to health problems such as cancer. The study emphasizes the need for comprehensive monitoring and protection measures to safeguard human health and aquatic life in the basin.