The World Health Organization (WHO), along with the UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Organization for Animal Health (WHO), has rated the global health risk of avian influenza (bird flu) as low, despite the detection of the H5N1 virus in cattle and milk, and a few cases in humans. The risk is higher for those exposed to sick birds or contaminated environments. The agencies have urged countries to monitor and report any infections in non-avian species, including recent cases in the US and Europe. The H5N1 virus has caused concern due to its high fatality rate in humans, with most infections leading to death. However, the number of human cases remains low, with only about 900 since 2003. Recent concerns include the detection of H5N1 in US cattle milk, raising questions about pasteurization and the potential for inter-species transmission.