A study by Wageningen University & Research has found that 18 hours of lower light intensity lighting can be as economically beneficial as less than 13 hours of high light intensity lighting for blackberry cultivation in winter. The research, conducted from November 2020 to March 2021, found that while more light led to higher production, it also increased electricity usage and did not necessitate high CO2 levels. The study also noted that the variety Von, which was less productive but produced heavier, nicer shaped fruits with a less sour taste and better shelf life, highlighted the importance of improving plant material.