Magdy Tawfiq, Vice President of the Herbalism Division at the Cairo Chamber of Commerce, reported that the prices of cumin and black pepper have significantly increased in Egyptian markets due to limited supply both locally and globally, as well as the high price of the dollar on the black market. The price of a kilo of cumin rose to 400 pounds, compared to 280 pounds two months ago, while the price of black pepper rose to 240 pounds, compared to 170 pounds two months ago. Egypt imports most of its spices from countries such as India, Turkey, Afghanistan, Syria, and Morocco, with the prices of garlic and onion powder reaching about 80 pounds, cardamom reaching 90 pounds, nutmeg reaching about 800 pounds, and cloves reaching about 660 pounds per kilogram.