Raw Materials
Last Updated
2026-03-30
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
- Parboiled Rice market coverage spans 162 countries.
- 3,846 exporter companies and 5,533 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
- 85,981 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
- 6 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
- Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 0.
- Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
- Page data last updated on 2026-03-30.
Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for Parboiled Rice
Analyze 85,981 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for Parboiled Rice.
Parboiled Rice Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum
Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in Parboiled Rice to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for Parboiled Rice: Paraguay (-30.1%), Turkiye (+26.1%), Italy (+23.9%).
Parboiled Rice Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary
As of 2025-05, benchmark Parboiled Rice country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Parboiled Rice transaction unit prices: Italy (5.81 USD / kg), Guatemala (1.32 USD / kg), Pakistan (1.23 USD / kg), United States (1.23 USD / kg), Sri Lanka (1.17 USD / kg), 11 more countries.
| Country | YoY Change | Transaction Count | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | -11.4% | 81,180 | 0.53 USD / kg (1,276,063,023.924 kg) | 0.51 USD / kg (1,567,989,402.458 kg) | 0.50 USD / kg (1,727,843,454.777 kg) | 0.52 USD / kg (1,556,601,499.528 kg) | 0.50 USD / kg (1,616,821,328.635 kg) | 0.55 USD / kg (543,170,676.23 kg) | ||||||
| South Africa | -15.5% | 1,633 | 0.91 USD / kg (56,377.25 kg) | 0.95 USD / kg (77,951.07 kg) | 0.94 USD / kg (52,849.44 kg) | 0.93 USD / kg (50,824.19 kg) | 0.97 USD / kg (108,548.32 kg) | 0.93 USD / kg (288,787.7 kg) | ||||||
| United States | +0.9% | 1,008 | 1.50 USD / kg (32,483,163.079 kg) | 1.16 USD / kg (557,056.373 kg) | 0.81 USD / kg (2,775,019.673 kg) | 1.01 USD / kg (986,687.045 kg) | 0.92 USD / kg (1,283,553.323 kg) | 1.23 USD / kg (1,086,884.619 kg) | ||||||
| Uruguay | -6.0% | 590 | 0.71 USD / kg (16,474,735 kg) | 0.72 USD / kg (5,190,150 kg) | 0.71 USD / kg (9,864,580 kg) | 0.74 USD / kg (14,426,550 kg) | 0.73 USD / kg (16,095,840 kg) | 0.68 USD / kg (9,766,050 kg) | ||||||
| Brazil | -21.8% | 275 | 0.62 USD / kg (4,955,402.742 kg) | 0.53 USD / kg (1,659,030 kg) | 0.54 USD / kg (3,511,500 kg) | 0.55 USD / kg (3,783,525 kg) | 0.54 USD / kg (4,576,640 kg) | 0.55 USD / kg (3,315,770 kg) | ||||||
| Thailand | -4.7% | 164 | 0.45 USD / kg (2,879,398 kg) | - (-) | 0.45 USD / kg (877,866 kg) | 0.54 USD / kg (625,760 kg) | 0.68 USD / kg (2,511,784 kg) | 0.67 USD / kg (1,046,282 kg) | ||||||
| Pakistan | +4.7% | 119 | 0.56 USD / kg (1,521,475 kg) | 0.59 USD / kg (400,000 kg) | 0.50 USD / kg (171,675 kg) | 0.92 USD / kg (470,511 kg) | 1.03 USD / kg (705,546 kg) | 1.23 USD / kg (245,360 kg) | ||||||
| Guatemala | -18.2% | 77 | 2.86 USD / kg (11,363 kg) | 2.73 USD / kg (199 kg) | 2.76 USD / kg (2,052 kg) | - (-) | 1.33 USD / kg (47,590 kg) | 1.32 USD / kg (64,430 kg) | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | +18.0% | 74 | 1.41 USD / kg (44,320 kg) | 1.21 USD / kg (8,495.84 kg) | 1.04 USD / kg (26,588 kg) | 1.14 USD / kg (97,320 kg) | 1.49 USD / kg (45,327.5 kg) | 1.17 USD / kg (174,910.56 kg) | ||||||
| United Arab Emirates | -0.9% | 53 | 1.10 USD / kg (681,008.6 kg) | 0.70 USD / kg (271,190 kg) | 0.54 USD / kg (1,922,690 kg) | 1.09 USD / kg (854,334 kg) | 0.79 USD / kg (1,121,369 kg) | 0.44 USD / kg (947,800 kg) |
Parboiled Rice Global Supply Chain Coverage
9,379 companies
3,846 exporters and 5,533 importers are mapped for Parboiled Rice.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for Parboiled Rice, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.
Parboiled Rice Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals
3,846 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for Parboiled Rice. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.
Parboiled Rice Verified Export Suppliers and Premium Partners
6 premium Parboiled Rice suppliers include country, industry, and contactability signals to prioritize credible export partners faster.
Sevyam Tradexim Private Limited
India
Food ManufacturingBrokers And Trade Agencies
Sagar Enterprise
India
Others
National Cooperative Exports Limited
India
Food ManufacturingFood PackagingOthers
Adroit Overseas Pte. Ltd.
Singapore
Crop ProductionFood ManufacturingFood PackagingBeverage ManufacturingOthersFood Services And Drinking Places
ITC Limited
India
Food Manufacturing
Yayla Agro Gıda Sanayi ve Ticaret A.Ş.
Turkiye
Food ManufacturingCrop ProductionFood Packaging
Become a Premium Supplier to join the Tridge Supply Chain Network and advance your marketing and export channel strategy.
Parboiled Rice Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles
Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 3,846 total exporter companies in the Parboiled Rice supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-01-08
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food PackagingOthersCrop ProductionFood ManufacturingBeverage Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / PackingFood ManufacturingDistribution / WholesaleTrade
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-01-22
Recently Export Partner Companies: 2
Industries: Brokers And Trade AgenciesFood ManufacturingFood Packaging
Value Chain Roles: Food ManufacturingTrade
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: TradeDistribution / Wholesale
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Trade
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Crop ProductionFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / PackingDistribution / Wholesale
(Pakistan)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-09
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / PackingTrade
Parboiled Rice Global Exporter Coverage
3,846 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for Parboiled Rice supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow Parboiled Rice opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.
Parboiled Rice Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks
5,533 importer companies are mapped for Parboiled Rice demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.
Parboiled Rice Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners
Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 5,533 total importer companies tracked for Parboiled Rice. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(Canada)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Canada)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-01-12
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: -
(South Africa)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-12-04
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(Somalia)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-09-17
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Saudi Arabia)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-08-23
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Saudi Arabia)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-12-05
Industries: Beverage ManufacturingCrop ProductionFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
5,533 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for Parboiled Rice.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active Parboiled Rice buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.
Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for Parboiled Rice
Parboiled Rice Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country
Monthly Parboiled Rice wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Parboiled Rice wholesale unit prices: Ukraine (1.36 USD / kg), Brazil (0.63 USD / kg), India (0.52 USD / kg), Thailand (0.30 USD / kg).
| Country | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| India | - | 0.30 USD / kg | 0.29 USD / kg | 0.29 USD / kg | 0.46 USD / kg | 0.52 USD / kg | ||||||
| Thailand | 0.33 USD / kg | 0.30 USD / kg | 0.28 USD / kg | 0.27 USD / kg | 0.28 USD / kg | 0.30 USD / kg | ||||||
| Brazil | 0.75 USD / kg | 0.74 USD / kg | 0.75 USD / kg | 0.71 USD / kg | 0.67 USD / kg | 0.63 USD / kg | ||||||
| Guinea | - | - | 0.97 USD / kg | - | - | - | ||||||
| Ukraine | 1.46 USD / kg | 1.38 USD / kg | 1.43 USD / kg | 1.49 USD / kg | 1.45 USD / kg | 1.36 USD / kg |
Parboiled Rice Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries
Compare Parboiled Rice wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 5 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
| Rank | Country | Average | Lower | Upper | YoY | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | India | 0.42 USD / kg | 0.28 USD / kg | 0.58 USD / kg | -28.4% | View → |
| 2 | Thailand | 0.30 USD / kg | 0.22 USD / kg | 0.40 USD / kg | -34.3% | View → |
| 3 | Brazil | 0.67 USD / kg | 0.53 USD / kg | 0.88 USD / kg | -28.5% | View → |
| 4 | Guinea | 0.97 USD / kg | 0.97 USD / kg | 0.97 USD / kg | - | View → |
| 5 | Ukraine | 1.50 USD / kg | 0.73 USD / kg | 1.90 USD / kg | -4.9% | View → |
Latest Parboiled Rice Wholesale Export Price Updates
Use the latest 5 Parboiled Rice wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
| Date | Entry Name | Unit Price (USD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-03-01 | !Ри* ********** ****** ******* ** ** * ******* **** | 0.80 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | ราค*********** ************************** ************ ** *** * | 23.24 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Рис ******* **** ***** ******** ***** ****** * ** ********** ******* * ******* **** | 1.58 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Рис ******* ***** ******** ********** * ** * ******* **** | 1.53 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Arr** ********************** ** **** ****** * ******* *********** ********** *** | 16.98 USD / kg |
Classification
Product TypeProcessed Food
Product FormDried (shelf-stable)
Industry PositionProcessed Staple Food
Market
Parboiled rice is milled (or husked) rice made by soaking paddy or husked rice and applying heat to fully gelatinize starch, followed by drying, producing a firmer-cooking, shelf-stable staple traded widely in bulk and retail packs. International trade statistics often do not isolate parboiled rice cleanly at the HS6 level because parboiled milled rice is commonly reported within HS 1006.30 (semi-milled or wholly milled rice), so country trade rankings are best interpreted as an indicator of milled-rice trade capacity rather than parboiled-only flows. Export supply is concentrated in a small set of Asian origins with large milling sectors (notably India, Thailand, Viet Nam, and Pakistan), while demand is heavily import-dependent across parts of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa. Market dynamics are strongly influenced by export policy interventions, weather shocks in major paddy regions, and storage/quality management (moisture, insects, and contamination controls).
Market GrowthMixed (medium-term outlook)import-dependent demand growth in some regions alongside high volatility driven by export controls and weather shocks in major origins
Major Producing Countries
- IndiaLarge paddy base and major export-oriented milling; parboiled non-basmati rice is explicitly referenced in Indian export policy reporting.
- PakistanMajor rice producer/exporter with parboiled offerings in export channels.
- ThailandMajor rice exporter with large-scale milling and diversified product forms, including parboiled.
- VietnamMajor rice producer/exporter with multiple annual paddy crops supporting continuous milling throughput.
- United StatesSmaller share of global production but a consistent exporter; parboiled rice is part of export mix.
Major Exporting Countries
- IndiaTop exporter within HS 1006.30 (milled rice category that commonly includes parboiled); parboiled non-basmati export measures have materially affected global availability.
- ThailandLeading exporter within HS 1006.30; supplies major Middle East and African importers.
- VietnamLeading exporter within HS 1006.30; multi-crop production supports regular export programs.
- PakistanMajor exporter within HS 1006.30; competes in price-sensitive destinations.
- United StatesSignificant exporter within HS 1006.30; positioning emphasizes reliability and quality.
Major Importing Countries
- IranAmong top importers within HS 1006.30 (milled rice category that can include parboiled).
- Saudi ArabiaAmong top importers within HS 1006.30; Middle East demand relies heavily on imports.
- ChinaLarge importer within HS 1006.30 in UN Comtrade-reported data for 2022.
- United StatesLarge importer within HS 1006.30; import mix includes aromatic and specialty rices alongside domestic supply.
- PhilippinesAmong top importers within HS 1006.30; import dependence is structurally significant in staple supply planning.
- BeninHigh import volumes within HS 1006.30; West African trade and re-export patterns can amplify import statistics.
- Ivory CoastMajor West African importer within HS 1006.30, reflecting strong consumer demand for imported milled rice products, including parboiled in many markets.
Supply Calendar
- India:Oct, Nov, Dec, JanMain monsoon (Kharif) paddy harvest begins from October; parboiled/milled export availability is shaped by harvest timing, procurement, and milling pace.
- Thailand:Oct, Nov, Dec, JanMain (mostly rainfed) paddy harvest runs from late 2025 into January; secondary (mostly irrigated) crop provides additional throughput later in the year.
- Viet Nam:Apr, May, Jun, Jul, Sep, Oct, Nov, DecMultiple paddy crops: winter/spring harvest starts late March in the south and can extend into July in the north; summer/autumn harvest typically concludes around October; the '10th month' crop finalizes in December.
- Pakistan:Oct, Nov, DecAnnual paddy cropping season commonly finalizes in December; flooding risk can disrupt harvest and quality in key producing provinces.
Specification
Physical Attributes
- Parboiled kernels often show a light yellow/amber tint and a harder texture relative to non-parboiled milled rice due to starch gelatinization during heat treatment.
- Commercial classifications commonly distinguish long-, medium-, and short-grain rice using kernel length/width ratio or kernel length approaches.
Compositional Metrics
- Moisture content is commonly specified with an upper limit of 15% m/m for rice, including parboiled rice, in Codex Standard for Rice (CXS 198-1995).
- Safe storage guidance frequently targets ≤14% grain moisture to reduce mold and quality loss during storage, with lower moisture needed for longer storage durations.
Grades
- Buyer specifications typically include limits on broken kernels, extraneous matter (organic/inorganic), and filth, consistent with Codex Standard for Rice (CXS 198-1995) quality factor framework.
- Long/medium/short grain classification may follow Codex Annex options based on kernel length/width ratio or kernel length.
Packaging
- Packaging should safeguard hygienic and organoleptic quality; when packaged in sacks, sacks should be clean, sturdy, and strongly sewn or sealed (Codex Standard for Rice, CXS 198-1995).
- International trade commonly uses clean, sealed sacks for bulk distribution and smaller consumer packs for retail channels; packaging material suitability is typically addressed in buyer specifications and importer requirements.
ProcessingParboiling involves hydration (soaking), thermal treatment to fully gelatinize starch (often steaming), and drying prior to husking/milling; process conditions affect head rice yield, color, and cooking behavior.
Supply Chain
Value Chain
- Paddy procurement → cleaning → soaking/hydration → heat treatment (steaming) → drying → husking/milling → grading (broken %, impurities) → bagging → containerized/bulk export shipment → importer warehousing → wholesale/retail/foodservice distribution
Demand Drivers
- Preference in many markets for firmer, separate grains after cooking and tolerance to longer holding times in foodservice
- Quality and yield advantages in milling (reduced breakage) in some processing systems, supporting consistent commercial grades
- Staple food security demand in import-dependent regions (notably parts of the Middle East and Sub-Saharan Africa) and institutional procurement
Temperature
- Unlike fresh perishables, key handling risk is moisture and rewetting: maintaining low grain moisture and protecting from humidity/rain reduces mold and quality degradation.
- Storage systems prioritize protection from insects/rodents/birds and prevention of moisture migration and rewetting.
Shelf Life
- Shelf life is primarily moisture- and pest-controlled rather than temperature-controlled; grain stored above ~14% moisture faces elevated mold risk and quality loss, while lower moisture supports longer storage durations.
Risks
Export Policy HighExport controls and fiscal measures in dominant exporting origins can abruptly disrupt global parboiled rice availability and pricing. India is the largest exporter within HS 1006.30 (a milled-rice category that commonly includes parboiled rice), and policy actions explicitly targeting parboiled non-basmati rice (e.g., the 20% export duty announced in August 2023) can materially tighten supply to import-dependent markets.Diversify approved origins and specifications across multiple exporters (e.g., India/Thailand/Viet Nam/Pakistan/US), maintain contingency stocks for key destinations, and embed policy-change clauses and flexible shipment windows in contracts.
Climate MediumMonsoon variability, floods, and extreme rainfall can reduce paddy yields, damage harvesting operations, and degrade quality (discoloration, higher breakage, mold risk), especially in large Asian producing regions.Monitor in-season crop conditions and flood risks in major origins, increase quality inspection intensity during affected seasons, and diversify sourcing across different production ecologies and crop calendars.
Storage And Quality Loss MediumMoisture control failures during storage and shipment raise risks of mold growth, off-odors, insect infestation, and loss of milling/consumption quality; these risks are amplified in humid climates and long transit chains.Specify maximum moisture at shipment, require clean/sealed packaging and dry containers, use pest management/fumigation protocols where permitted, and audit warehouse humidity and rewetting controls.
Food Safety MediumInorganic arsenic exposure is a recognized concern for rice and rice-based foods, and regulatory scrutiny may affect testing and market access for certain product lines (especially for infant/young-child consumption contexts).Implement supplier testing programs aligned to importing-market requirements, document traceability to production regions, and maintain risk-based monitoring for contaminants and residues.
Sustainability
- Methane emissions from flooded paddy cultivation are a major climate theme for rice supply chains; water management practices (e.g., Alternate Wetting and Drying) can reduce methane but may involve trade-offs with other emissions.
- High irrigation water dependence and competition for water in major rice-growing regions can constrain production and increase policy sensitivity around domestic food security.
Labor & Social
- Staple affordability and food security sensitivity: price spikes and export restrictions can transmit quickly to import-dependent low-income consumers.
- Smallholder production structure in many origins creates exposure to input price shocks, extreme weather, and policy shifts that affect farmgate prices and livelihoods.
FAQ
What makes rice 'parboiled' in international standards?Codex defines parboiled rice as husked or milled rice processed from paddy or husked rice that has been soaked in water and subjected to a heat treatment so the starch is fully gelatinized, followed by a drying process.
Why can parboiled rice be preferred in some consumer and foodservice markets?Parboiling changes the grain’s physical properties through gelatinization and drying, often resulting in firmer cooked grains and processing attributes valued by buyers. FAO training materials also highlight parboiling as a technique used to improve rice quality in some contexts.
What is the biggest trade disruption risk for parboiled rice globally?The most critical risk is export policy action in dominant exporting origins, especially India, because policy measures targeting parboiled non-basmati rice can quickly tighten global availability and raise prices in import-dependent markets.
Sources
Parboiled Rice Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices
Explore country-level Parboiled Rice market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
India
Saudi Arabia
China
Philippines
Thailand
Indonesia
United States
Vietnam
Pakistan
Malaysia
United Kingdom
Italy
All country market pages: India, Saudi Arabia, China, Philippines, Thailand, Indonesia, United States, Vietnam, Pakistan, Malaysia, United Kingdom, Italy, Ivory Coast, Brazil, South Africa, Argentina, Liberia, Uruguay, Cuba, Egypt, Paraguay, Nigeria, Panama, Kazakhstan, Sri Lanka, Somalia, Nepal, Romania, Chile, Russia, Bangladesh, Belgium, South Korea, Turkiye, Benin, Costa Rica, Mozambique, Netherlands, Cameroon, United Arab Emirates, Singapore, Bulgaria, Djibouti, Germany, Spain, Peru, Japan, Colombia, Maldives, Qatar, Bhutan, Greece, Togo, Ukraine, Lesotho, Sierra Leone, Kenya, Iraq, Switzerland, Uzbekistan, Australia, El Salvador, Guinea, Poland, Slovenia, Algeria, Lebanon, Canada, Botswana, France, Angola, Taiwan, Oman, Mexico, Afghanistan, Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Burkina Faso, Bahrain, Brunei, Bahamas, Belarus, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cyprus, Czechia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Fiji, Gabon, Georgia, Ghana, Gambia, Guadeloupe, Equatorial Guinea, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Hong Kong, Honduras, Croatia, Haiti, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Iran, Jamaica, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Comoros, Kuwait, Cayman Islands, Saint Lucia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Latvia, Libya, Morocco, Moldova, Montenegro, Madagascar, Macedonia, Mali, Mongolia, Mauritania, Malta, Mauritius, Malawi, Namibia, Niger, Norway, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Palestine, Portugal, Réunion, Serbia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Sweden, Senegal, South Sudan, São Tomé and Príncipe, Syria, Tajikistan, East Timor, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Trinidad and Tobago, Tanzania, Uganda, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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