In 2024/25 barley exports were at 2.18 M mt (–12 % vs. 2023/24), lowest since 2012/13 despite above-average yields; area cuts decreased 2024 harvest. Exports were the biggest in Q1 of the 2024/25 (July-Sep), near zero in Jan-June 2025. China bought about 700 K mt in Q1 but then vanished; top buyers since: Libya, Spain,