Derived Products
Raw Materials
HS Code
090411
Last Updated
2026-04-16
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
- White Pepper market coverage spans 150 countries.
- 638 exporter companies and 1,279 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
- 4,131 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
- 2 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
- Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 0.
- Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
- Page data last updated on 2026-04-16.
Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for White Pepper
Analyze 4,131 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for White Pepper.
White Pepper Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum
Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in White Pepper to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for White Pepper: United Arab Emirates (+85.7%), Thailand (+66.1%), France (+57.7%).
White Pepper Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary
As of 2025-05, benchmark White Pepper country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2025-10, countries with visible White Pepper transaction unit prices: Costa Rica (16.21 USD / kg), Sri Lanka (15.51 USD / kg), Spain (15.46 USD / kg), Malaysia (14.19 USD / kg), Thailand (13.82 USD / kg), 11 more countries.
| Country | YoY Change | Transaction Count | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Vietnam | +6.8% | 2,314 | 8.55 USD / kg (2,212,992.091 kg) | 8.34 USD / kg (2,755,412.227 kg) | 8.37 USD / kg (1,379,621 kg) | 8.42 USD / kg (4,544,725.089 kg) | 8.34 USD / kg (3,878,754.818 kg) | 7.71 USD / kg (3,024,233.772 kg) | ||||||
| Malaysia | +6.5% | 32 | 7.41 USD / kg (3,900 kg) | 18.64 USD / kg (2,580 kg) | 15.00 USD / kg (200 kg) | 11.37 USD / kg (6,200 kg) | 14.94 USD / kg (600 kg) | 14.19 USD / kg (800 kg) | ||||||
| Spain | +57.1% | 28 | - (-) | 27.45 USD / kg (656 kg) | 29.40 USD / kg (230.86 kg) | - (-) | 25.00 USD / kg (676.8 kg) | 15.46 USD / kg (2,486.908 kg) | ||||||
| Thailand | +66.1% | 20 | 9.44 USD / kg (725.76 kg) | 28.50 USD / kg (336 kg) | 21.10 USD / kg (1,193.76 kg) | - (-) | 19.69 USD / kg (-) | 13.82 USD / kg (967.6 kg) | ||||||
| India | -28.6% | 867 | 7.61 USD / kg (264,040.789 kg) | 7.46 USD / kg (330,057.3 kg) | 8.61 USD / kg (315,847.535 kg) | 8.87 USD / kg (546,574.763 kg) | 10.08 USD / kg (318,862.472 kg) | 8.19 USD / kg (297,513.002 kg) | ||||||
| United States | +17.4% | 185 | 14.34 USD / kg (6,732.143 kg) | 7.03 USD / kg (13,043.918 kg) | 13.74 USD / kg (7,719.08 kg) | 10.36 USD / kg (3,777.58 kg) | 9.44 USD / kg (20,122.267 kg) | 11.40 USD / kg (12,212.65 kg) | ||||||
| Indonesia | +13.6% | 166 | 4.36 USD / kg (498,442.5 kg) | 5.28 USD / kg (596,983.7 kg) | - (-) | 8.44 USD / kg (212,603.5 kg) | 5.36 USD / kg (182,554.2 kg) | 7.62 USD / kg (364,868.3 kg) | ||||||
| Costa Rica | +5.1% | 142 | 16.10 USD / kg (104.21 kg) | 5.83 USD / kg (51.84 kg) | - (-) | - (-) | 16.16 USD / kg (460.729 kg) | 16.21 USD / kg (202.462 kg) | ||||||
| Sri Lanka | +25.9% | 78 | 11.57 USD / kg (30,175.6 kg) | 12.79 USD / kg (30,082.307 kg) | 13.85 USD / kg (303.2 kg) | 11.95 USD / kg (60,743.2 kg) | 16.80 USD / kg (3,566.3 kg) | 15.51 USD / kg (5,620.8 kg) | ||||||
| China | -43.3% | 57 | 1.22 USD / kg (73,339.863 kg) | 1.57 USD / kg (8,260.563 kg) | 1.84 USD / kg (34,636 kg) | 1.01 USD / kg (25,952 kg) | 2.34 USD / kg (46,041.22 kg) | 4.25 USD / kg (32,220 kg) |
White Pepper Global Supply Chain Coverage
1,917 companies
638 exporters and 1,279 importers are mapped for White Pepper.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for White Pepper, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.
White Pepper Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals
638 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for White Pepper. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.
White Pepper Verified Export Suppliers and Premium Partners
2 premium White Pepper suppliers include country, industry, and contactability signals to prioritize credible export partners faster.
Intimex Group Joint Stock Company
Vietnam
Beverage ManufacturingCrop ProductionFood WholesalersFood Manufacturing
Visimex Corporation Joint Stock Company
Vietnam
Contact
Food ManufacturingOthers
Become a Premium Supplier to join the Tridge Supply Chain Network and advance your marketing and export channel strategy.
White Pepper Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles
Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 638 total exporter companies in the White Pepper supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(Vietnam)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-11-26
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 101 - 500 Employees
Industries: OthersFood WholesalersFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleLogisticsFood Manufacturing
(Indonesia)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-12-19
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Crop ProductionFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Food ManufacturingTradeFarming / Production / Processing / Packing
(Singapore)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-05-29
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Trade
(Switzerland)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-16
Employee Size: 1 - 10 Employees
Industries: Brokers And Trade AgenciesFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: TradeFood Manufacturing
(Taiwan)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-06-09
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / Wholesale
(Japan)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-01-02
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food PackagingFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleFood Manufacturing
White Pepper Global Exporter Coverage
638 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for White Pepper supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow White Pepper opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.
Top Exporting Countries for White Pepper (HS Code 090411) in 2024
For White Pepper in 2024, compare export volume and value across the top 10 supplier countries to map core supply structure.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Brazil | 59,816,958.336 kg | 278,290,182 USD | View → |
| 2 | Sri Lanka | 25,258,633.32 kg | 166,885,171.088 USD | View → |
| 3 | India | 8,992,484.968 kg | 55,615,649.03 USD | View → |
| 4 | Netherlands | 5,765,956 kg | 38,508,993.702 USD | View → |
| 5 | Germany | 5,335,417.811 kg | 35,300,544.176 USD | View → |
| 6 | Malaysia | 4,377,904.969 kg | 28,354,218.504 USD | View → |
| 7 | Mexico | 3,329,287 kg | 24,922,443 USD | View → |
| 8 | United States | 4,365,446 kg | 14,543,181 USD | View → |
| 9 | South Africa | 2,424,143.635 kg | 12,524,489.021 USD | View → |
| 10 | Turkiye | 1,892,737 kg | 8,835,355 USD | View → |
White Pepper Export Trade Flow and Partner Country Summary
Track White Pepper exporter-to-importer flows by value, volume, and share to uncover high-potential export routes.
White Pepper Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks
1,279 importer companies are mapped for White Pepper demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.
White Pepper Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners
Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 1,279 total importer companies tracked for White Pepper. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(Belize)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-08-12
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: OthersFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Spain)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-11-22
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 10M - 50M
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: Costa Rica
(Singapore)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-10-10
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(China)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-16
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food Services And Drinking PlacesBeverage ManufacturingFood ManufacturingFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(United States)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-15
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 1M - 5M
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
(Qatar)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-16
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
1,279 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for White Pepper.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active White Pepper buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.
Top Import Demand Countries for White Pepper (HS Code 090411) in 2024
For White Pepper in 2024, compare import volume and value across the top 10 demand countries to identify priority markets.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | India | 46,837,044 kg | 260,771,433.78 USD | View → |
| 2 | Germany | 17,618,307.868 kg | 108,746,561.329 USD | View → |
| 3 | Pakistan | 16,200,503.409 kg | 43,583,228.685 USD | View → |
| 4 | South Korea | 7,229,198.375 kg | 42,702,339 USD | View → |
| 5 | Japan | 5,075,975 kg | 37,462,458.295 USD | View → |
| 6 | Egypt | 6,624,889.101 kg | 36,781,933.6 USD | View → |
| 7 | Netherlands | 6,076,778.976 kg | 34,365,300.351 USD | View → |
| 8 | Thailand | 5,306,440.034 kg | 34,075,215.31 USD | View → |
| 9 | Philippines | 7,614,016.5 kg | 30,843,618 USD | View → |
| 10 | Poland | 5,719,481.293 kg | 30,050,155 USD | View → |
White Pepper Import Trade Flow and Origin Country Summary
Analyze White Pepper origin-to-destination trade flows by value, volume, and share to monitor demand-side sourcing channels.
Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for White Pepper
White Pepper Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country
Monthly White Pepper wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2025-10, countries with visible White Pepper wholesale unit prices: Thailand (10.17 USD / kg), Malaysia (5.91 USD / kg), Poland (0.96 USD / kg), Ukraine (0.86 USD / kg).
| Country | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Malaysia | 4.69 USD / kg | 4.70 USD / kg | 4.24 USD / kg | 5.92 USD / kg | 5.93 USD / kg | 5.91 USD / kg | ||||||
| Thailand | 8.99 USD / kg | 9.12 USD / kg | 9.12 USD / kg | 9.19 USD / kg | 9.43 USD / kg | 10.17 USD / kg | ||||||
| Poland | 3.18 USD / kg | 3.24 USD / kg | 2.17 USD / kg | 1.18 USD / kg | 0.92 USD / kg | 0.96 USD / kg | ||||||
| Ukraine | - | 1.40 USD / kg | 1.85 USD / kg | 1.05 USD / kg | 0.82 USD / kg | 0.86 USD / kg |
White Pepper Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries
Compare White Pepper wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 4 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
Latest White Pepper Wholesale Export Price Updates
Use the latest 5 White Pepper wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
| Date | Entry Name | Unit Price (USD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-04-01 | พืช***** ********** ******* * | 11.99 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | pep*** ***** ***** * ******* ******* *********** | 3.15 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | Whi** ****** * | 6.14 USD / kg | |
| 2026-01-01 | LAD* ***** ***** * ***** ****** ******* ****** ******* ***** | 4.93 USD / kg | |
| 2025-12-01 | pep*** ********* * ******* **** *********** | 0.77 USD / kg |
Classification
Product TypeIngredient
Product FormDried
Industry PositionFood Ingredient (Spice)
Market
White pepper is a globally traded spice ingredient produced from fully mature pepper berries (Piper nigrum) that are soaked/ret and dehulled before drying, giving a light color preferred in pale sauces, soups, and processed foods. Global supply is concentrated in a small set of tropical producers—especially Vietnam and Indonesia—whose export availability and pricing can swing with weather, farmgate stocking behavior, and crop-cycle dynamics. Trade flows typically move from origin cleaning/processing facilities to international spice traders and industrial blenders/grinders serving North America, Europe, and East Asia. Compared with black pepper, white pepper’s extra wet-processing step increases sensitivity to food-safety controls and environmental management (e.g., wastewater handling) in origin processing.
Market GrowthNot Mentioned
Major Producing Countries
- VietnamLargest global pepper producer and a leading supplier of white pepper to international markets (verify latest split by product form in ITC Trade Map/IPC).
- IndonesiaKey origin for white pepper (including well-known origin-style trade designations such as 'Muntok').
- IndiaSignificant pepper producer; white pepper output is smaller relative to black pepper but present in trade.
- BrazilMajor pepper producer and exporter; participates in global pepper trade including white pepper forms.
- MalaysiaNotable pepper origin (e.g., Sarawak) supplying specialty white pepper lots.
- Sri LankaRegional producer with export participation in pepper and spice markets.
Major Exporting Countries
- VietnamLeading global exporter of pepper; commonly referenced as a primary origin for white pepper in trade statistics (confirm latest by HS subheading).
- IndonesiaMajor exporter of white pepper lots and origin-identified grades.
- BrazilLarge pepper exporter supplying multiple destination markets.
- IndiaExports pepper and spice blends; white pepper volumes vary by year.
- MalaysiaExports specialty pepper; smaller scale vs. Vietnam/Indonesia.
Major Importing Countries
- United StatesLarge destination market for spices used in industrial food manufacturing and retail.
- GermanyMajor EU destination market for spices and industrial seasoning.
- NetherlandsKey EU entry and redistribution hub for spices via major ports and traders.
- United KingdomSignificant spice-importing market tied to retail and foodservice demand.
- ChinaLarge downstream processing and consumption market for spices and seasonings.
Specification
Major VarietiesWhite pepper (whole peppercorn), White pepper (cracked), White pepper (ground/powder), Origin-style lots (e.g., 'Muntok' white pepper; 'Sarawak' white pepper)
Physical Attributes
- Cream to light-beige peppercorns/powder; low external discoloration preferred for premium grades
- Pungent heat with comparatively less 'fresh' top-note than black pepper; used where a light color is desired in finished foods
Compositional Metrics
- Piperine and volatile oil content are commonly referenced for pungency/aroma strength in buyer specifications
- Moisture and water-activity-related controls are critical to limit mold growth and quality deterioration during storage/shipping
Grades
- Codex quality and safety requirements for black/white/green pepper (CXS 326-2017) are commonly referenced as a baseline for international trade
- ASTA cleanliness and contaminant expectations are commonly used as buyer reference points in the spice trade
Packaging
- Export bulk packing commonly uses moisture-protective liners inside woven polypropylene or multiwall paper sacks; pallets and stretch wrap for containerization
- Retail and foodservice formats are typically packed downstream after blending/grinding in destination markets
ProcessingWhite pepper is produced via soaking/retting and dehulling before drying; this wet step increases the importance of sanitation, validated pathogen reduction (where applied), and wastewater managementWhole peppercorn generally retains aroma longer than ground white pepper; powder form is more sensitive to oxidation and odor pickup
Supply Chain
Value Chain
- Cultivation (smallholder-dominant in many origins) → harvest of mature pepper berries → soaking/retting & dehulling (white pepper) → drying → cleaning/sorting → optional steam sterilization or other validated microbial reduction step → grading → export packing → ocean freight → destination blending/grinding/packaging → industrial food manufacturing and retail distribution
Demand Drivers
- Industrial seasoning and processed foods (soups, sauces, meat products, snacks) where a light-colored pepper is preferred
- Culinary applications requiring pepper heat without visible black specks (e.g., cream-based sauces, seafood, mashed potato seasonings)
- Standardized flavor delivery in global snack and convenience food categories via spice blends
Temperature
- Ambient storage is typical; quality preservation depends on cool, dry conditions and strict moisture control rather than refrigeration
- Container humidity/condensation management (dry pallets, liners, desiccants where appropriate) is important to reduce mold risk and caking in ground product
Shelf Life
- Shelf life is primarily limited by moisture uptake, oxidation/aroma loss (faster in ground form), and contamination events rather than physiological spoilage
- Odor-taint and cross-contamination risks are material in mixed-load logistics; dedicated clean storage and sealed packaging are common buyer requirements
Risks
Food Safety HighSpices are low-moisture foods but can carry pathogenic contamination (notably Salmonella) and may face border rejections, recalls, or mandatory treatments if supplier controls are weak; white pepper’s wet-processing step can increase contamination pathways without robust sanitation and validated controls.Use approved suppliers with validated pathogen-control steps (e.g., steam treatment where suitable), robust environmental monitoring, and routine microbiological testing aligned to Codex/buyer requirements; maintain full lot traceability and segregation.
Supply Concentration MediumGlobal export availability for pepper (including white pepper forms) is concentrated in a small number of origins—especially Vietnam and Indonesia—making prices and lead times sensitive to localized weather shocks, crop-cycle swings, and origin market disruptions.Qualify multiple origins and suppliers (e.g., Vietnam + Indonesia + Brazil/Malaysia specialty lots), use forward contracts where appropriate, and maintain safety stock for critical blends.
Regulatory Compliance MediumDestination-market enforcement on pesticide residues, contaminants, and process-derived compliance (including restrictions on certain decontamination practices) can trigger detentions and relabeling/rework costs for non-compliant lots.Implement residue-monitoring plans by origin/season, require certificates of analysis, and track destination-specific regulatory updates; align control plans to Codex and buyer specifications.
Fraud And Adulteration MediumPowdered spices face authenticity and adulteration risk (dilution with inert fillers or mislabeling of origin/grade), which can create legal exposure and quality failures in standardized blends.Use vulnerability assessments, supplier audits, and fit-for-purpose authenticity testing (e.g., microscopy/chemical profiling where appropriate), with tight incoming QC for ground white pepper.
Logistics LowMoisture ingress during ocean freight or warehousing can cause mold growth, off-odors, and caking—especially for ground product—reducing usable yield and increasing claims.Specify moisture-barrier packaging/liners, use dry, clean containers, and monitor humidity exposure; prefer whole pepper for long transit and grind closer to end-use where feasible.
Sustainability
- Wastewater and effluent management risks associated with soaking/retting and washing steps used in white pepper production
- Energy use and emissions from drying and any downstream steam sterilization or heat treatment steps
- Agrochemical stewardship and residue compliance (origin farm practices must align with destination-market MRL requirements)
Labor & Social
- Smallholder livelihood exposure to price volatility and asymmetric bargaining power in fragmented origin supply chains
- Worker health and safety considerations in processing (wet handling), drying yards, and grinding/packing operations (dust exposure control)
FAQ
How is white pepper different from black pepper in trade terms?White pepper is made from fully mature pepper berries that are soaked/ret and dehulled before drying, which produces a light-colored peppercorn or powder. Black pepper is typically dried with the outer skin intact, so it shows dark specks in foods and often has a different aroma profile. Because white pepper includes a wet-processing step, buyers often emphasize sanitation, moisture control, and food-safety assurance in supplier approvals.
Which countries dominate global supply for white pepper?White pepper supply is concentrated in a small number of tropical origins, with Viet Nam and Indonesia commonly referenced as primary producing and exporting countries in global pepper trade statistics. Brazil, India, and Malaysia also participate in pepper exports, with Malaysia often supplying smaller specialty lots.
What are common buyer specification checks for white pepper?Common checks include moisture control, cleanliness/extraneous matter limits, aroma and pungency indicators (often referenced via piperine/volatile oil measures), and microbiological safety expectations such as controls aimed at preventing Salmonella contamination. Many buyers reference Codex standards for pepper as a baseline and apply additional company or ASTA-aligned cleanliness requirements.
Sources
White Pepper Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices
Explore country-level White Pepper market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
All country market pages: United States, Vietnam, Indonesia, India, Brazil, Germany, United Kingdom, Malaysia, Thailand, Japan, Sri Lanka, China, Philippines, Netherlands, United Arab Emirates, Myanmar [Burma], Singapore, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South Korea, Turkiye, Costa Rica, Poland, Egypt, Mexico, Ethiopia, Pakistan, Spain, Chile, France, Austria, Romania, Sweden, Belgium, Italy, Morocco, Canada, Ecuador, Israel, Cambodia, Hungary, Peru, Latvia, Madagascar, Guatemala, Czechia, Croatia, Estonia, Panama, Switzerland, Greece, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Honduras, Slovakia, Argentina, Australia, Zambia, Kenya, Portugal, Bulgaria, Denmark, Ireland, Hong Kong, Nigeria, Tanzania, Iran, Norway, Uganda, Zimbabwe, New Zealand, Lebanon, Taiwan, Ukraine, Bangladesh, Dominican Republic, Syria, Finland, Andorra, Albania, Armenia, Angola, Azerbaijan, Barbados, Burkina Faso, Bahrain, Benin, Bermuda, Brunei, Bolivia, Bahamas, Bhutan, Botswana, Belarus, Belize, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Fiji, Gabon, Georgia, Gambia, Guinea, Iraq, Iceland, Jamaica, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Kuwait, Kazakhstan, Laos, Liberia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Libya, Moldova, Montenegro, Macedonia, Mongolia, Macao, Malta, Mauritius, Maldives, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nicaragua, Nepal, Oman, Paraguay, Qatar, Serbia, Russia, Rwanda, Slovenia, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, El Salvador, Swaziland, Togo, Tunisia, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela, Samoa
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