Derived Products
Raw Materials
HS Code
110412
Last Updated
2026-03-30
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
- Oat Flake market coverage spans 156 countries.
- 972 exporter companies and 1,356 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
- 11,223 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
- 1 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
- Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 0.
- Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
- Page data last updated on 2026-03-30.
Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for Oat Flake
Analyze 11,223 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for Oat Flake.
Oat Flake Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum
Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in Oat Flake to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for Oat Flake: Costa Rica (+131.1%), Mexico (-78.7%), Colombia (-55.7%).
Oat Flake Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary
As of 2025-05, benchmark Oat Flake country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Oat Flake transaction unit prices: Costa Rica (15.67 USD / kg), Ireland (4.65 USD / kg), Peru (4.19 USD / kg), Colombia (3.50 USD / kg), United States (2.95 USD / kg), 15 more countries.
| Country | YoY Change | Transaction Count | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | -0.3% | 1,435 | 2.14 USD / kg (261,765.776 kg) | 2.70 USD / kg (181,267.41 kg) | 2.66 USD / kg (385,637.956 kg) | 2.81 USD / kg (251,599.273 kg) | 2.53 USD / kg (164,975.204 kg) | 2.95 USD / kg (326,844.046 kg) | ||||||
| Canada | +0.1% | 188 | 0.94 USD / kg (287,686.079 kg) | 0.89 USD / kg (305,936 kg) | 0.93 USD / kg (399,825.887 kg) | 0.93 USD / kg (454,586.369 kg) | 0.91 USD / kg (557,718.65 kg) | 1.12 USD / kg (331,133.569 kg) | ||||||
| Ireland | +20.0% | 65 | 4.85 USD / kg (21,482 kg) | 4.92 USD / kg (7,200 kg) | 5.20 USD / kg (25,176 kg) | - (-) | 5.06 USD / kg (12,494.4 kg) | 4.65 USD / kg (12,070 kg) | ||||||
| Finland | +28.0% | 45 | 1.57 USD / kg (66,270.16 kg) | 1.09 USD / kg (45,589 kg) | 0.78 USD / kg (22,335 kg) | 1.35 USD / kg (13,820 kg) | 2.44 USD / kg (8,415 kg) | 0.94 USD / kg (30,740 kg) | ||||||
| Chile | -10.0% | 6,654 | 0.55 USD / kg (30,737,168.595 kg) | 0.54 USD / kg (24,600,155.01 kg) | 0.53 USD / kg (21,657,652.291 kg) | 0.53 USD / kg (36,330,692.2 kg) | 0.53 USD / kg (38,822,985.982 kg) | 0.52 USD / kg (35,743,774.592 kg) | ||||||
| South Africa | -6.0% | 557 | 1.75 USD / kg (5,906.6 kg) | 1.73 USD / kg (2,521.46 kg) | 1.90 USD / kg (1,358 kg) | 2.08 USD / kg (2,551.09 kg) | 2.00 USD / kg (8,396.78 kg) | 1.70 USD / kg (834.6 kg) | ||||||
| Australia | +0.8% | 268 | 0.80 USD / kg (341,030 kg) | 0.74 USD / kg (442,425 kg) | 0.76 USD / kg (317,610 kg) | 0.75 USD / kg (1,395,325 kg) | 0.77 USD / kg (1,073,304 kg) | 0.78 USD / kg (571,101.5 kg) | ||||||
| Brazil | -18.9% | 104 | 0.78 USD / kg (50,063.78 kg) | 0.71 USD / kg (37,200 kg) | 1.05 USD / kg (43,080 kg) | 0.66 USD / kg (154,860 kg) | 1.00 USD / kg (193,790 kg) | 2.81 USD / kg (29,225.22 kg) | ||||||
| Malaysia | +21.2% | 45 | 1.52 USD / kg (30,623 kg) | 1.64 USD / kg (8,162.64 kg) | 1.27 USD / kg (29,808 kg) | 1.66 USD / kg (480 kg) | 1.66 USD / kg (2,520 kg) | 2.63 USD / kg (70,084.8 kg) | ||||||
| Peru | +7.2% | 195 | 1.80 USD / kg (62,811.49 kg) | 4.15 USD / kg (61,863.05 kg) | 2.68 USD / kg (86,044.43 kg) | 4.11 USD / kg (796.79 kg) | 1.89 USD / kg (81,220.99 kg) | 4.19 USD / kg (21,408.31 kg) |
Oat Flake Global Supply Chain Coverage
2,328 companies
972 exporters and 1,356 importers are mapped for Oat Flake.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for Oat Flake, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.
Oat Flake Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals
972 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for Oat Flake. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.
Oat Flake Verified Export Suppliers and Premium Partners
1 premium Oat Flake suppliers include country, industry, and contactability signals to prioritize credible export partners faster.
BIO PLANET S.A.
Poland
Food PackagingBeverage ManufacturingFood WholesalersFood Manufacturing
Become a Premium Supplier to join the Tridge Supply Chain Network and advance your marketing and export channel strategy.
Oat Flake Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles
Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 972 total exporter companies in the Oat Flake supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(Russia)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Trade
(Russia)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 101 - 500 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 50M - 100M
Industries: Food PackagingFood ManufacturingFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleFood Manufacturing
(Lithuania)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Industries: Food WholesalersFood PackagingOthers
Value Chain Roles: LogisticsDistribution / WholesaleOthers
(Russia)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 5
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Food Manufacturing
(United States)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-12-08
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 1 - 10 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 1M - 5M
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / PackingDistribution / Wholesale
(Chile)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Export Partner Companies: 16
Industries: Beverage ManufacturingFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleFood ManufacturingTradeFarming / Production / Processing / Packing
Oat Flake Global Exporter Coverage
972 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for Oat Flake supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow Oat Flake opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.
Top Exporting Countries for Oat Flake (HS Code 110412) in 2024
For Oat Flake in 2024, compare export volume and value across the top 10 supplier countries to map core supply structure.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Canada | 202,281,539 kg | 211,137,694.793 USD | View → |
| 2 | Chile | 145,526,526 kg | 93,722,534.3 USD | View → |
| 3 | Germany | 81,197,548 kg | 81,590,016.585 USD | View → |
| 4 | Latvia | 62,783,117 kg | 49,425,707.675 USD | View → |
| 5 | United States | 24,789,764 kg | 35,337,942 USD | View → |
| 6 | Finland | 32,186,868.043 kg | 32,720,019.274 USD | View → |
| 7 | Malaysia | 14,256,927.47 kg | 21,712,556.955 USD | View → |
| 8 | Ireland | 11,553,594 kg | 20,187,913.076 USD | View → |
| 9 | Spain | 27,005,321.766 kg | 19,890,133.362 USD | View → |
| 10 | Lithuania | 26,055,491.54 kg | 19,171,680 USD | View → |
Oat Flake Export Trade Flow and Partner Country Summary
Track Oat Flake exporter-to-importer flows by value, volume, and share to uncover high-potential export routes.
Oat Flake Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks
1,356 importer companies are mapped for Oat Flake demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.
Oat Flake Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners
Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 1,356 total importer companies tracked for Oat Flake. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(Algeria)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: OthersFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Jordan)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: OthersFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Argentina)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-04-29
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: -
(Turkiye)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: OthersFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Mauritius)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-02-28
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 101 - 500 Employees
Industries: OthersFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Vietnam)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-01-09
Recently Import Partner Companies: 2
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
1,356 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for Oat Flake.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active Oat Flake buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.
Top Import Demand Countries for Oat Flake (HS Code 110412) in 2024
For Oat Flake in 2024, compare import volume and value across the top 10 demand countries to identify priority markets.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | United States | 197,842,064 kg | 218,856,685 USD | View → |
| 2 | Japan | 29,168,175 kg | 28,539,752.721 USD | View → |
| 3 | Netherlands | 25,644,093 kg | 27,341,366.619 USD | View → |
| 4 | Spain | 18,813,704.557 kg | 25,026,803.838 USD | View → |
| 5 | Italy | 21,676,978 kg | 20,746,817.545 USD | View → |
| 6 | Poland | 20,722,048 kg | 15,337,448 USD | View → |
| 7 | Germany | 16,683,118.213 kg | 14,890,081.771 USD | View → |
| 8 | Czechia | 16,776,143 kg | 13,504,029 USD | View → |
| 9 | Malaysia | 17,693,371.855 kg | 13,313,606.541 USD | View → |
| 10 | Philippines | 17,124,324.96 kg | 13,270,434 USD | View → |
Oat Flake Import Trade Flow and Origin Country Summary
Analyze Oat Flake origin-to-destination trade flows by value, volume, and share to monitor demand-side sourcing channels.
Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for Oat Flake
Oat Flake Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country
Monthly Oat Flake wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Oat Flake wholesale unit prices: Colombia (1.36 USD / kg), Ukraine (0.59 USD / kg).
Oat Flake Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries
Compare Oat Flake wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 2 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
Latest Oat Flake Wholesale Export Price Updates
Use the latest 5 Oat Flake wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
| Date | Entry Name | Unit Price (USD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-03-01 | Кру** ********* ******* ****** *** *** * ******* **** | 0.42 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | !Ві***** ********* ******** ** ** *************** ******* * ******* **** | 0.60 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Пла****** ******* ********** *** * ****** ****** ********** * ******* **** | 0.77 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | !Ві***** ***** ** ** ******** ********* ********* ******* * ******* **** | 0.58 USD / kg | |
| 2026-03-01 | Пла****** ******* ********** *** * ****** ********* *** ****** * ******* **** | 0.72 USD / kg |
Classification
Product TypeProcessed Food
Product FormShelf-stable dry flakes
Industry PositionValue-Added Grain Product
Market
Oat flakes (rolled oats) are a globally traded, shelf-stable processed grain made by heat-treating and flaking oat groats, with trade flows shaped by availability of food-grade milling oats and industrial processing capacity. Global oat supply is concentrated in temperate, largely rainfed regions—especially Canada, Northern/Eastern Europe, Russia, the United States, and Australia—making year-to-year output sensitive to weather variability. International trade commonly moves as both raw oats for further processing and finished flakes for retail and food manufacturing, with import demand centered in higher-income markets and in regions where oats are not widely grown. Market dynamics are influenced by breakfast and baking consumption, expanding use of oats in plant-based products, and strict buyer requirements on contaminants, gluten cross-contact (for gluten-free positioning), and traceability.
Market GrowthMixed (medium-term outlook)Demand expands in some markets for convenient and health-positioned oat foods while remaining mature and price-sensitive in others.
Major Producing Countries
- CanadaAmong major global oat producers and a key supplier of food-grade milling oats used for flakes.
- RussiaLarge oat producer in FAO production statistics; export availability can shift with domestic demand and policy.
- United StatesSignificant producer and processor; also a notable import market for oats and processed oat products.
- PolandImportant European producer with relevance to regional processing and intra-EU trade.
- FinlandNoted for food-oat processing and export-oriented oat product industries.
- AustraliaSouthern Hemisphere producer and exporter supporting counter-seasonal supply to Northern Hemisphere markets.
Major Exporting Countries
- CanadaMajor exporter of oats and a key upstream origin for oat flakes supply chains.
- AustraliaSignificant exporter of oats and oat products into Asian and other markets depending on crop size and quality.
- FinlandExporter of processed oat products, supported by dedicated oat processing capacity.
- SwedenRegional exporter of oats and processed oat products within Europe.
- GermanyLarge food manufacturing base with both import needs and re-export activity for processed grain products.
Major Importing Countries
- United StatesLarge consumer market for oat-based foods; imports both oats and processed oat products depending on domestic crop and demand.
- ChinaGrowing demand for packaged cereals and processed grains drives imports of oats and oat products when domestic supply is limited.
- GermanyMajor EU food market; imports and redistributes processed grain products through integrated European supply chains.
- United KingdomLarge retail market for breakfast cereals and porridge oats; imports supplement domestic and regional supply.
- JapanImport-reliant market for many grains; buys processed and packaged cereal products through established food trade channels.
Supply Calendar
- Canada (Prairies):Aug, Sep, OctMain harvest window for Northern Hemisphere spring oats; storage enables year-round processing into flakes.
- Northern & Eastern Europe (e.g., Finland, Sweden, Poland, Baltics):Aug, SepNorthern Hemisphere harvest; strong integration with regional milling and oat-processing capacity.
- Russia (key oat-producing regions):Aug, SepNorthern Hemisphere harvest; trade availability can be influenced by domestic market conditions and policy.
- Australia (primarily Western & South Australia):Nov, DecSouthern Hemisphere harvest provides counter-seasonal availability for global oat supply chains.
Specification
Major VarietiesCommon oat (Avena sativa) — covered (hulled) types, Common oat (Avena sativa) — hulless (naked) types
Physical Attributes
- Uniform flake thickness and minimal breakage to match cooking time and texture expectations
- Clean, light-to-cream color with low foreign matter and absence of off-odors
- Low dust/fines for improved pack appearance and reduced handling losses
Compositional Metrics
- Moisture control is a core buyer specification for shelf stability and texture retention
- Beta-glucan and protein content are commonly referenced in nutrition-led product positioning (specs vary by market and supplier)
- Gluten cross-contact testing/threshold management is critical for products marketed as gluten-free
Grades
- Food-grade milling oats/groats as upstream input for flaking
- Retail-grade rolled/quick/instant oat flakes sorted by flake size and fines tolerance per buyer specification
Packaging
- Retail cartons or pouches with moisture/oxygen barrier performance suited to ambient storage
- Foodservice and industrial multiwall paper bags with liners or bulk packaging for further manufacturing
- Traceability labeling (lot/batch) commonly required for export and modern retail
ProcessingHeat treatment (kilning/steam) is used to inactivate lipase and stabilize flavor to reduce rancidity riskFlake thickness and pre-cooking level (rolled vs quick vs instant) drive hydration rate and consumer preparation time
Supply Chain
Value Chain
- Oat farming (mostly rainfed) -> harvest -> on-farm/bulk storage -> cleaning and grading -> dehulling to groats -> heat treatment (kilning/steam) -> cutting (optional) -> rolling/flaking -> cooling/drying -> sieving and metal detection -> packaging -> ambient distribution -> retail/food manufacturing
Demand Drivers
- Breakfast and porridge consumption in established oat-consuming markets
- Bakery and snacking applications (e.g., granola, bars, inclusions) using flakes as a texture and fiber component
- Health-positioned demand related to oat fiber and whole-grain messaging (market rules vary for claims)
- Innovation pull from oat-based product development that increases competition for food-grade oats and processing capacity
Temperature
- Ambient, dry storage is standard; avoid high heat to slow oxidative flavor deterioration
- Moisture control through the full chain (from bulk storage to retail packs) is critical to prevent caking, mold risk, and quality loss
Atmosphere Control
- Oxygen and moisture barrier packaging supports flavor stability during long ambient distribution
- Pest management in bulk storage may use controlled atmosphere or other approved treatments depending on local regulations and customer requirements
Shelf Life
- Shelf life is primarily limited by moisture uptake and oxidation-driven rancidity; intact barrier packaging and cool, dry conditions extend usability
- Flavored or fortified variants may have different shelf-life sensitivities than plain oat flakes due to added fats, inclusions, or hygroscopic ingredients
Risks
Climate HighOat supply for flaking is concentrated in a small set of temperate exporters and is highly exposed to drought, heat, excessive rain at harvest, and other weather shocks that can reduce yields and downgrade milling quality, tightening global availability and increasing price volatility.Diversify origins across Northern and Southern Hemisphere suppliers, lock in multi-origin specifications where feasible, and use flexible procurement (contracts plus spot) aligned with crop-year risk.
Food Safety MediumMycotoxins, microbiological issues linked to moisture ingress, and foreign material/metal contamination can trigger border rejections, recalls, or customer delistings for oat flakes in regulated import markets.Use supplier approval programs with validated contaminant monitoring, robust cleaning/sieving/metal detection, and strict moisture management from bulk storage to finished packaging.
Regulatory Compliance MediumGluten cross-contact (wheat/barley/rye) is a frequent compliance risk for products marketed as gluten-free, and labeling/claims rules differ across markets, creating trade and brand exposure if controls are weak.Segregate supply chains where required, implement verified allergen/gluten management plans with testing, and align labeling/claims to destination-market regulations.
Storage And Pests MediumAs a low-moisture grain product, oat flakes are vulnerable to quality loss from insect infestation, moisture uptake, and odor tainting during long ambient storage and distribution.Maintain pest-controlled warehouses, use appropriate barrier packaging, monitor humidity/temperature, and apply permitted pest control treatments consistent with customer and regulatory requirements.
Market Volatility MediumPrices and availability can swing with grain-cycle dynamics, competing demand for food-grade oats, and shifts in trade policies affecting major exporters or import routes.Use indexed contracts or hedging approaches where available, keep alternative supplier qualifications current, and monitor trade policy changes in major origins and destinations.
Sustainability
- Climate and weather variability in temperate, largely rainfed oat regions affects yields and milling quality, driving volatility and supply uncertainty
- Agricultural input impacts (fertilizer-related emissions, pesticide use) are increasingly scrutinized by retailers and brand ESG programs
- Agrochemical residue scrutiny (including glyphosate discussions in some markets) can create reputational and compliance risk even when legal limits are met
- Packaging sustainability (plastic reduction, recyclability, and lightweighting) is a common buyer and regulatory focus for packaged oat flakes
Labor & Social
- Seasonal and migrant labor conditions in grain farming and handling can be a compliance focus in some supply chains
- Worker safety in processing facilities (grain dust exposure and dust explosion prevention) is a material occupational health and safety topic
FAQ
What is the difference between rolled, quick, and instant oat flakes in trade terms?They are typically differentiated by flake thickness and pre-cooking level, which changes hydration rate and preparation time. Rolled oats are thicker and cook more slowly, while quick and instant oats are thinner and/or more processed for faster rehydration. Buyers often specify allowable fines, flake size distribution, and packaging format to match the intended use (retail porridge, bakery, or industrial).
Why is gluten control a major issue for oat flakes marketed as gluten-free?Oats can be exposed to wheat, barley, or rye through shared fields, transport, storage, or processing, creating gluten cross-contact risk. Because labeling and claim requirements differ by market and customer, exporters commonly need stronger segregation, verified allergen management, and testing to meet gluten-free positioning expectations.
What are the most common supply-chain quality failures for oat flakes shipped internationally?The most common issues are moisture uptake (leading to caking or quality deterioration), oxidation-driven rancidity from heat/oxygen exposure, and storage pests during long ambient distribution. Contaminant control (foreign material/metal) and market-specific compliance requirements (such as allergen/gluten management) are also frequent causes of disputes or rejections.
Sources
Oat Flake Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices
Explore country-level Oat Flake market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
Canada
United States
Australia
France
Russia
Ecuador
United Kingdom
Germany
Poland
Saudi Arabia
United Arab Emirates
Netherlands
All country market pages: Canada, United States, Australia, France, Russia, Ecuador, United Kingdom, Germany, Poland, Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Netherlands, Japan, Ukraine, Estonia, Spain, Finland, Philippines, Sweden, Denmark, Guatemala, Austria, Lithuania, Chile, Sri Lanka, Czechia, Morocco, Italy, South Africa, Brazil, Greece, India, Croatia, Norway, Vietnam, Egypt, Israel, Bulgaria, Hungary, Jamaica, Romania, Malta, El Salvador, Dominican Republic, Latvia, Ireland, Panama, Malaysia, Uzbekistan, Argentina, Georgia, Belgium, Venezuela, Bolivia, China, Hong Kong, Colombia, Costa Rica, Liechtenstein, Nigeria, Belarus, Ivory Coast, Nicaragua, Turkiye, Slovakia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, Indonesia, Mexico, Portugal, Peru, Moldova, Slovenia, New Zealand, Algeria, Thailand, Kenya, Paraguay, Mongolia, Armenia, Switzerland, Uruguay, South Korea, Andorra, Antigua and Barbuda, Albania, Angola, Aruba, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Barbados, Bangladesh, Bahrain, Burundi, Benin, Bermuda, Brunei, Bahamas, Bhutan, Botswana, Belize, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cameroon, Cuba, Curacao, Cyprus, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Gambia, Honduras, Iraq, Iran, Iceland, Jordan, Kyrgyzstan, Cambodia, Kuwait, Lebanon, Liberia, Lesotho, Luxembourg, Libya, Montenegro, Madagascar, Macedonia, Myanmar [Burma], Macao, Mauritania, Mauritius, Maldives, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nepal, Oman, Pakistan, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Serbia, Rwanda, Singapore, Senegal, Somalia, South Sudan, Swaziland, Togo, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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