Turkey has experienced a boom in pine nut exports, with a 68% increase over the past five years, reaching $42 million in 2021. The country aims to hit $50 million in exports for 2022. However, production has been hampered by insect problems and climate change, leading to a decrease in yield. Turkey, Italy, Spain, and Portugal are among the leading pine nut producers in the Mediterranean, with China being the world's largest producer. The main consumers of pine nuts are Germany, China, the USA, Russia, and Italy.