Ukraine's Chernihiv Oblast and Ternopil region have the most productive cows in Europe, with average annual yields of 11.24 tons and 9.74 tons respectively, surpassing the top three dairy countries in Europe. The productivity varies greatly across Ukraine, with some regions resembling African dairy conditions. The leading farms use Holstein cows and are supported by large milk processors and agricultural companies. Astarta Agropromholding, the largest producer of industrial milk in Ukraine, also contributes to this.