Derived Products
Raw Materials
HS Code
200290
Last Updated
2026-04-14
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
- Tomato Paste market coverage spans 154 countries.
- 1,712 exporter companies and 1,969 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
- 7,155 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
- 5 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
- Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 0.
- Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
- Page data last updated on 2026-04-14.
Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for Tomato Paste
Analyze 7,155 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for Tomato Paste.
Tomato Paste Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum
Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in Tomato Paste to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for Tomato Paste: Egypt (-74.1%), Spain (+47.7%), Germany (+46.2%).
Tomato Paste Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary
As of 2025-05, benchmark Tomato Paste country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Tomato Paste transaction unit prices: Germany (6.25 USD / kg), South Africa (4.33 USD / kg), Spain (3.04 USD / kg), Philippines (2.70 USD / kg), Costa Rica (2.07 USD / kg), 14 more countries.
| Country | YoY Change | Transaction Count | 2025-05 | 2025-06 | 2025-07 | 2025-08 | 2025-09 | 2025-10 | 2025-11 | 2025-12 | 2026-01 | 2026-02 | 2026-03 | 2026-04 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| United States | -3.7% | 1,539 | 1.34 USD / kg (6,729,774.119 kg) | 1.37 USD / kg (5,197,024.106 kg) | 1.41 USD / kg (4,470,028.965 kg) | 1.30 USD / kg (6,814,568.166 kg) | 1.32 USD / kg (2,296,447.004 kg) | 1.48 USD / kg (1,386,824.69 kg) | ||||||
| Italy | +6.4% | 257 | 1.61 USD / kg (208,486.01 kg) | 1.51 USD / kg (153,280.21 kg) | 2.41 USD / kg (147,904.78 kg) | 2.26 USD / kg (269,081.3 kg) | 2.14 USD / kg (514,084.801 kg) | 1.89 USD / kg (452,248.46 kg) | ||||||
| Chile | -17.6% | 1,972 | 1.16 USD / kg (10,876,717.736 kg) | 1.17 USD / kg (9,247,259.534 kg) | 1.24 USD / kg (1,765,810.002 kg) | 1.14 USD / kg (20,246,613.145 kg) | 1.12 USD / kg (33,164,351.436 kg) | 1.11 USD / kg (20,291,185.892 kg) | ||||||
| China | -25.6% | 1,257 | 0.77 USD / kg (4,132,299.971 kg) | 0.71 USD / kg (3,248,707.852 kg) | 0.83 USD / kg (2,763,170.296 kg) | 0.84 USD / kg (4,144,726.683 kg) | 0.77 USD / kg (8,316,098.782 kg) | 0.81 USD / kg (4,245,661.686 kg) | ||||||
| Costa Rica | -0.8% | 634 | 1.86 USD / kg (323,564.035 kg) | 2.12 USD / kg (308,511.26 kg) | - (-) | - (-) | 2.03 USD / kg (50,043.287 kg) | 2.07 USD / kg (76,359.019 kg) | ||||||
| Peru | -21.8% | 395 | 1.17 USD / kg (4,242,031.188 kg) | 1.05 USD / kg (3,342,532 kg) | 1.13 USD / kg (2,374,339.799 kg) | 1.05 USD / kg (3,383,017.205 kg) | 1.04 USD / kg (3,575,302.721 kg) | 1.02 USD / kg (2,951,877.693 kg) | ||||||
| South Africa | +17.1% | 243 | 3.26 USD / kg (447.78 kg) | 4.17 USD / kg (164.5 kg) | 4.55 USD / kg (136.2 kg) | 4.95 USD / kg (65.28 kg) | 4.61 USD / kg (182.3 kg) | 4.33 USD / kg (770.93 kg) | ||||||
| India | -23.6% | 153 | 0.95 USD / kg (204,435.2 kg) | 1.34 USD / kg (205,628 kg) | 1.34 USD / kg (207,206.48 kg) | 0.89 USD / kg (242,451.8 kg) | 1.50 USD / kg (115,579.48 kg) | 0.80 USD / kg (451.2 kg) | ||||||
| Iran | -20.3% | 139 | 0.53 USD / kg (241,433.254 kg) | 0.41 USD / kg (400,596 kg) | 0.40 USD / kg (434,655 kg) | 0.40 USD / kg (446,800 kg) | 0.40 USD / kg (810,939 kg) | 0.40 USD / kg (1,097,722 kg) | ||||||
| United Arab Emirates | +2.5% | 112 | 1.11 USD / kg (93,019.589 kg) | 0.91 USD / kg (145,562 kg) | 0.83 USD / kg (1,976 kg) | 1.89 USD / kg (816.4 kg) | 0.94 USD / kg (374,340 kg) | 1.44 USD / kg (87,229.82 kg) |
Tomato Paste Global Supply Chain Coverage
3,681 companies
1,712 exporters and 1,969 importers are mapped for Tomato Paste.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for Tomato Paste, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.
Tomato Paste Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals
1,712 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for Tomato Paste. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.
Tomato Paste Verified Export Suppliers and Premium Partners
5 premium Tomato Paste suppliers include country, industry, and contactability signals to prioritize credible export partners faster.
Maeil Foods Co., Ltd.
South Korea
Food ManufacturingOthers
The Morning Star Packing Company
United States
Food ManufacturingFood Services And Drinking PlacesFood Wholesalers
CAMPO D'ORO SRL
Italy
Food ManufacturingFood PackagingBeverage Manufacturing
Compagnia Alimentare Italiana S.p.A.
Italy
Food ManufacturingBeverage Manufacturing
DELIZIE DI CALABRIA SRL
Italy
Food ManufacturingFood Packaging
Become a Premium Supplier to join the Tridge Supply Chain Network and advance your marketing and export channel strategy.
Tomato Paste Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles
Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 1,712 total exporter companies in the Tomato Paste supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(China)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-14
Industries: OthersFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: TradeFood Manufacturing
(United States)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-14
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood Services And Drinking PlacesFood PackagingFreight Forwarding And IntermodalOthers
Value Chain Roles: Food ManufacturingLogisticsDistribution / Wholesale
(Iran)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-14
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: Over 1000 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 10M - 50M
Industries: OthersBeverage ManufacturingFood PackagingFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Farming / Production / Processing / PackingDistribution / WholesaleFood Manufacturing
(Russia)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-14
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 101 - 500 Employees
Industries: Food ManufacturingCrop Production
Value Chain Roles: Food ManufacturingFarming / Production / Processing / Packing
(United Arab Emirates)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-03-14
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food PackagingBeverage ManufacturingFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleFood Manufacturing
(China)
Latest Export Transaction: 2025-06-19
Recently Export Partner Companies: 1
Industries: OthersFreight Forwarding And Intermodal
Value Chain Roles: LogisticsTradeDistribution / Wholesale
Tomato Paste Global Exporter Coverage
1,712 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for Tomato Paste supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow Tomato Paste opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.
Top Exporting Countries for Tomato Paste (HS Code 200290) in 2024
For Tomato Paste in 2024, compare export volume and value across the top 10 supplier countries to map core supply structure.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Italy | 806,042,254 kg | 1,413,905,623.599 USD | View → |
| 2 | United States | 420,380,324 kg | 422,284,001 USD | View → |
| 3 | Portugal | 235,644,044 kg | 396,709,853.009 USD | View → |
| 4 | Chile | 175,884,472.6 kg | 261,890,124.91 USD | View → |
| 5 | Turkiye | 177,239,454 kg | 233,616,401 USD | View → |
| 6 | Greece | 51,520,859 kg | 68,195,583.287 USD | View → |
| 7 | Egypt | 35,948,006.693 kg | 64,619,603.146 USD | View → |
| 8 | Germany | 16,350,279 kg | 45,834,726.495 USD | View → |
| 9 | Ukraine | 20,816,715.26 kg | 35,088,658.64 USD | View → |
| 10 | Poland | 17,305,024.234 kg | 23,719,198 USD | View → |
Tomato Paste Export Trade Flow and Partner Country Summary
Track Tomato Paste exporter-to-importer flows by value, volume, and share to uncover high-potential export routes.
Tomato Paste Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks
1,969 importer companies are mapped for Tomato Paste demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.
Tomato Paste Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners
Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 1,969 total importer companies tracked for Tomato Paste. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(Mexico)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-14
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
(Italy)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-14
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood Packaging
Value Chain Roles: -
(United States)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-12-17
Recently Import Partner Companies: 2
Employee Size: 51 - 100 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 1M - 5M
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Zambia)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-14
Recently Import Partner Companies: 1
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
(Mexico)
Latest Import Transaction: 2025-12-17
Recently Import Partner Companies: 2
Employee Size: Over 1000 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 500M - 1B
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
(Poland)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-03-14
Industries: Food PackagingFood Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
1,969 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for Tomato Paste.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active Tomato Paste buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.
Top Import Demand Countries for Tomato Paste (HS Code 200290) in 2024
For Tomato Paste in 2024, compare import volume and value across the top 10 demand countries to identify priority markets.
| Rank | Country | Volume | Value | Report |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Germany | 275,597,824.827 kg | 494,343,613.073 USD | View → |
| 2 | United Kingdom | 207,757,277 kg | 395,481,764.258 USD | View → |
| 3 | Japan | 155,324,061 kg | 315,220,683.104 USD | View → |
| 4 | Italy | 215,885,850 kg | 297,457,481.723 USD | View → |
| 5 | Netherlands | 126,735,553 kg | 198,910,215.281 USD | View → |
| 6 | Mexico | 88,961,855 kg | 143,123,386 USD | View → |
| 7 | Poland | 95,128,029.599 kg | 138,245,188 USD | View → |
| 8 | Australia | 63,370,143.96 kg | 104,270,289 USD | View → |
| 9 | Spain | 69,094,868.309 kg | 91,054,393.052 USD | View → |
| 10 | Canada | 54,284,074.684 kg | 89,111,592.5 USD | View → |
Tomato Paste Import Trade Flow and Origin Country Summary
Analyze Tomato Paste origin-to-destination trade flows by value, volume, and share to monitor demand-side sourcing channels.
Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for Tomato Paste
Tomato Paste Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country
Monthly Tomato Paste wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2025-10, countries with visible Tomato Paste wholesale unit prices: Ukraine (1.02 USD / kg), Turkiye (0.14 USD / kg).
Tomato Paste Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries
Compare Tomato Paste wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 2 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
Latest Tomato Paste Wholesale Export Price Updates
Use the latest 5 Tomato Paste wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
| Date | Entry Name | Unit Price (USD) | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-04-01 | Пас** ******* ********** *** * *** **** * ******* **** | 1.79 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | Пас** ******* ******* *** * ** * ***** * ******* **** | 1.24 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | Пас** ******* ******* *** * *** * ******* **** | 1.70 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | DOM**** ******************** ******* ********* * ******* *** ***** | 0.35 USD / kg | |
| 2026-04-01 | Пас** ******* ********* *** * ****** * ******* **** | 1.05 USD / kg |
Classification
Product TypeProcessed Food
Product FormShelf-stable concentrated paste (aseptic or canned)
Industry PositionProcessed Food Product
Market
Tomato paste is a globally traded processed vegetable product used as a foundational ingredient for sauces, ketchup, ready meals, and foodservice applications. Global supply is anchored in large-scale processing-tomato hubs, with major output and export capacity concentrated in a handful of origins—particularly Italy, China, Spain/Portugal, Turkey, and the United States. Trade flows are shaped by seasonal industrial harvest windows (north and south hemispheres) and by the economics of freight, packaging formats (aseptic vs canned), and buyer specifications (°Bx, color, consistency). The market is structurally exposed to climate and water risks in key growing regions, which can quickly tighten raw-material availability and push up concentrate prices.
Market GrowthStable (medium-term outlook)Mature staple ingredient with demand tied to packaged foods and foodservice; growth varies by region and product segment.
Major Producing Countries
- ChinaMajor processing-tomato producer and a key supplier of bulk tomato paste/concentrate to global ingredient markets.
- United StatesLarge industrial processing base (notably California) supplying domestic demand and export markets.
- ItalyLarge producer of processing tomatoes and a major exporter of tomato paste and downstream tomato products.
- TurkiyeSignificant producer and exporter of tomato paste, serving regional markets across Europe, MENA, and beyond.
- SpainMajor producer within the Mediterranean processing belt; significant exporter of tomato concentrate and paste.
- PortugalNotable producer/exporter in the Iberian processing corridor.
Major Exporting Countries
- ItalyProminent exporter across retail and industrial channels, including EU and non-EU destinations.
- ChinaMajor exporter of bulk/industrial tomato paste and concentrate used by food manufacturers globally.
- SpainKey exporter within Europe and to global industrial buyers.
- PortugalRegular exporter of tomato concentrate/paste into Europe and international ingredient markets.
- TurkiyeImportant exporter, often competitive in regional markets.
Major Importing Countries
- United StatesLarge import market for tomato paste/concentrate and tomato-based preparations alongside substantial domestic production.
- GermanySignificant importer supporting domestic food manufacturing and EU redistribution.
- United KingdomMajor import market for tomato paste and tomato-based preparations for retail and manufacturing.
- FranceLarge importer within Europe for both retail products and industrial uses.
- NetherlandsTrade and distribution hub for intra-European flows; imports for processing/redistribution.
- JapanImport-reliant market for processed tomato ingredients and retail tomato products.
Supply Calendar
- China:Jul, Aug, SepNorthern Hemisphere industrial harvest window feeding concentrate plants.
- Italy:Aug, Sep, OctMediterranean processing season; shipments continue year-round from stored aseptic/canned inventory.
- Spain:Aug, Sep, OctIberian processing season aligned with broader Mediterranean supply.
- Portugal:Aug, Sep, OctIberian processing season; significant concentrate capacity.
- United States (California):Aug, Sep, OctLarge-scale processing-tomato campaign; supply depends on irrigation and heat outcomes.
- Chile:Feb, Mar, AprSouthern Hemisphere counter-seasonal processing window supporting global continuity.
Specification
Major VarietiesProcessing tomatoes (plum/Roma-type groups; cultivar selection varies by origin and processor)
Physical Attributes
- Deep red color and low seed/gel fraction are preferred for high-yield paste production
- Concentrated, smooth texture suitable for industrial blending into sauces and prepared foods
Compositional Metrics
- Soluble solids (°Bx) is a core commercial spec dimension for paste/concentrate transactions
- pH and titratable acidity are commonly controlled to support thermal processing outcomes and flavor profile
- Consistency/viscosity (e.g., flow-based measures) and color metrics are frequently included in buyer specifications
Grades
- Commercial contracts commonly specify concentrate level and quality parameters (°Bx, color, consistency, defect limits) rather than a universal global grade label
Packaging
- Aseptic bag-in-drum or bag-in-box formats for industrial customers
- Metal cans and composite retail packs for consumer channels (format varies by market)
ProcessingConcentration via evaporation is central; hot-break vs cold-break processing choices influence viscosity and end-use suitabilityAseptic processing enables long shelf life for bulk ingredient trade; canned formats are common for retail and some industrial uses
Supply Chain
Value Chain
- Contracted processing-tomato cultivation -> harvest -> receiving and grading -> washing/sorting -> crushing/pulping -> heat treatment (hot/cold break) -> evaporation/concentration -> thermal sterilization or aseptic processing -> aseptic drum/can filling -> global shipping -> downstream manufacturing (sauces/ketchup/ready meals) or retail distribution
Demand Drivers
- High penetration as a base ingredient in sauces, ketchup, pizza toppings, soups, and ready meals
- Industrial reconstitution/blending demand from food manufacturers seeking standardized solids and color
- Foodservice demand for consistent flavor and performance in high-throughput kitchens
Temperature
- Typically shipped and stored as a shelf-stable product when unopened (aseptic/canned); protect from excessive heat to preserve color and flavor stability
- Refrigeration is commonly required after opening for food safety and quality maintenance (retail and foodservice contexts)
Shelf Life
- Bulk aseptic and canned formats are designed for extended shelf life when unopened; actual shelf life depends on packaging system, storage conditions, and buyer specifications
Risks
Climate HighProcessing-tomato yields and soluble-solids outcomes are highly sensitive to heatwaves, drought, and irrigation constraints in major producing regions (e.g., Mediterranean basin and irrigated production zones). A severe weather year can reduce raw tomato availability or quality for concentration, tightening global paste supply and increasing price volatility for industrial buyers.Diversify origin portfolio across hemispheres, use multi-year contracts where possible, monitor water policy and seasonal climate outlooks, and maintain safety stocks for critical formulations.
Food Safety MediumTomato paste is a low-risk shelf-stable product when properly processed, but failures in thermal processing, aseptic integrity, or hygiene can lead to spoilage, container integrity issues, or contamination incidents that trigger recalls and import rejections.Require validated HACCP plans, robust aseptic integrity controls, lot-level traceability, and third-party audits aligned to recognized food-safety standards.
Quality Fraud MediumIndustrial tomato paste/concentrate supply chains face risks of misrepresentation of concentrate level (°Bx), origin, or quality attributes, and potential adulteration aimed at meeting color/consistency targets at lower cost.Use contractual specs with lab-based verification (°Bx, pH, consistency, color), strengthen supplier approval, and implement chain-of-custody documentation and periodic authenticity testing.
Trade Policy MediumTomato paste trade can be disrupted by tariffs, anti-dumping actions, sanitary/quality compliance enforcement, and sudden regulatory changes affecting labeling, additives, or contaminant limits, especially where imports are politically sensitive.Track destination regulatory updates, maintain alternative qualified suppliers, and structure contracts with compliance and change-in-law provisions.
Logistics LowBulk paste relies on specialized packaging (aseptic bags/drums) and predictable freight availability; disruptions can delay deliveries and create localized shortages for just-in-time manufacturing.Secure packaging supply agreements, qualify multiple pack formats where feasible, and plan shipments around peak demand and seasonal congestion.
Sustainability
- Water stewardship risk in key irrigated processing-tomato regions (drought, groundwater constraints, and competing agricultural/urban water demand)
- Energy intensity and associated emissions from evaporation/concentration and thermal processing operations
- Wastewater and organic load management from tomato processing facilities; byproduct utilization (pomace/skins/seeds) influences environmental footprint
- Packaging waste and recycling challenges for aseptic liners/drums and multi-material packs
Labor & Social
- Seasonal and migrant labor reliance in tomato harvesting and processing supply chains, requiring strong due diligence on wages, working conditions, and recruitment practices
- Reported labor exploitation risks in parts of the tomato sector in Europe (including Italy), often discussed in connection with illegal labor intermediation ("caporalato") and vulnerable workers
FAQ
Which countries are major global exporters of tomato paste?Italy and China are among the most prominent global exporters of tomato paste/concentrate, alongside other significant exporting origins such as Spain, Portugal, and Turkey, as reflected in international trade flow reporting referenced by ITC Trade Map.
What are the most common specification parameters used in tomato paste trade?Commercial transactions commonly rely on buyer specifications focused on soluble solids (°Bx), pH/acidity, color, and consistency/viscosity, because these parameters drive performance in sauces, ketchup, and prepared foods and are validated through routine quality control before shipment.
What is the biggest global risk that can disrupt tomato paste supply?Climate and water stress in key processing-tomato regions is the most critical disruption risk, because heatwaves, drought, and irrigation constraints can reduce harvest volumes or change solids content, tightening raw material availability for concentration and amplifying global price volatility.
Sources
Tomato Paste Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices
Explore country-level Tomato Paste market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
All country market pages: China, Germany, Italy, France, United States, Spain, United Kingdom, Turkiye, Chile, Japan, India, Netherlands, Portugal, Brazil, Iran, Mexico, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Poland, Romania, United Arab Emirates, Pakistan, Greece, South Korea, Austria, Australia, Canada, Switzerland, Belgium, Syria, Sweden, Togo, Bulgaria, Oman, Philippines, Peru, Costa Rica, Russia, Czechia, Kuwait, South Africa, Israel, Argentina, Hungary, Paraguay, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, New Zealand, Denmark, Tunisia, Honduras, Iraq, Ecuador, Armenia, Serbia, Uganda, Bahrain, Uruguay, Bolivia, Kazakhstan, Panama, Malaysia, Ivory Coast, Thailand, Croatia, Jordan, Colombia, Belarus, Vietnam, Lebanon, Nigeria, South Sudan, Georgia, Turkmenistan, Venezuela, Uzbekistan, Norway, Morocco, Indonesia, Kenya, Andorra, Albania, Angola, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Barbados, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Benin, Bermuda, Brunei, Bahamas, Bhutan, Botswana, Belize, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Gambia, Guatemala, Hong Kong, Haiti, Ireland, Iceland, Jamaica, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, Liberia, Lesotho, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Latvia, Moldova, Montenegro, Madagascar, Macedonia, Myanmar [Burma], Mongolia, Macao, Malta, Mauritius, Maldives, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nicaragua, Nepal, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Rwanda, Singapore, Slovenia, Slovakia, Sierra Leone, Senegal, El Salvador, Swaziland, Tajikistan, Trinidad and Tobago, Taiwan, Tanzania, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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