Cow Milk Butter thumbnail

Cow Milk Butter Suppliers, Trade & Prices — Market Overview 2026

Parent Product
Natural Butter
Sub Product
Salted Cow Milk Butter, Unsalted Cow Milk Butter
Derived Products
Oatcake, Pain au Chocolat, Pancake, Panettone, +49
Raw Materials
Cow Milk
HS Code
040510
Last Updated
2026-07-15
Key takeaways for search and sourcing teams
  • Cow Milk Butter market coverage spans 152 countries.
  • 1,611 exporter companies and 1,950 importer companies are indexed in the global supply chain intelligence network for this product.
  • 12,581 supplier-linked transactions are summarized across the top 20 countries.
  • 0 premium suppliers and 0 catalog items are currently listed.
  • Wholesale sample entries: 5; farmgate sample entries: 3.
  • Latest reference year in this page dataset is 2026.
  • Page data last updated on 2026-07-15.

Global Supplier Transactions, Export Activity, and Price Benchmarks for Cow Milk Butter

Analyze 12,581 supplier-linked transactions across the top 20 countries, with monthly unit-price benchmarks to track export competitiveness and sourcing risk for Cow Milk Butter.

Cow Milk Butter Country YoY Change in Supplier Transactions and Export Momentum

Compare positive and negative YoY shifts in Cow Milk Butter to identify accelerating supplier markets and weakening export corridors.
Top YoY shifts for Cow Milk Butter: Mexico (-25.8%), Netherlands (-25.3%), United States (-24.8%).

Cow Milk Butter Country-Level Supplier Transaction and Unit Price Summary

As of 2025-08, benchmark Cow Milk Butter country transaction counts with monthly unit price and volume to prioritize supplier and export markets.
In 2026-01, countries with visible Cow Milk Butter transaction unit prices: Sri Lanka (27.90 USD / kg), Hong Kong (20.67 USD / kg), France (10.76 USD / kg), Italy (9.99 USD / kg), Denmark (9.21 USD / kg), 12 more countries.
CountryYoY ChangeTransaction Count2025-082025-092025-102025-112025-122026-012026-022026-032026-042026-052026-062026-07
France+14.6%2,42410.39 USD / kg (851,998.38 kg)10.81 USD / kg (880,638.619 kg)10.07 USD / kg (945,775.541 kg)10.05 USD / kg (498,974.43 kg)10.88 USD / kg (685,852.82 kg)10.76 USD / kg (953,779.64 kg)
New Zealand-4.0%1,6008.36 USD / kg (3,666,050.807 kg)8.37 USD / kg (4,140,711.568 kg)7.75 USD / kg (2,671,311.455 kg)6.73 USD / kg (4,118,780.28 kg)6.28 USD / kg (3,950,397.039 kg)7.34 USD / kg (3,437,638.479 kg)
United States-24.8%1,3385.73 USD / kg (697,453.42 kg)6.35 USD / kg (1,084,074.174 kg)6.30 USD / kg (731,211.364 kg)5.10 USD / kg (940,749.142 kg)4.82 USD / kg (1,216,442.959 kg)5.81 USD / kg (850,677.802 kg)
Italy+2.6%2249.89 USD / kg (35,036 kg)11.54 USD / kg (37,907 kg)14.88 USD / kg (3,919 kg)11.25 USD / kg (98,805.98 kg)12.75 USD / kg (22,572.46 kg)9.99 USD / kg (27,659 kg)
Belgium-7.4%7711.08 USD / kg (61,020 kg)11.08 USD / kg (42,377.5 kg)8.50 USD / kg (56,850 kg)7.62 USD / kg (56,030.84 kg)8.65 USD / kg (105,660 kg)8.63 USD / kg (32,024 kg)
Germany-15.4%567.50 USD / kg (210,069 kg)7.75 USD / kg (77,000 kg)7.86 USD / kg (172,800 kg)7.26 USD / kg (78,526 kg)7.85 USD / kg (122,220 kg)7.22 USD / kg (41,200 kg)
Ireland-14.9%2,32810.49 USD / kg (5,144,073.52 kg)8.96 USD / kg (11,115,122.34 kg)7.78 USD / kg (10,163,630.472 kg)7.63 USD / kg (8,246,086.9 kg)7.41 USD / kg (9,514,312.12 kg)7.10 USD / kg (4,997,486 kg)
India+4.5%1,3205.20 USD / kg (2,500,099.403 kg)5.32 USD / kg (2,126,765.112 kg)5.32 USD / kg (1,206,033.7 kg)5.42 USD / kg (1,019,851.668 kg)5.17 USD / kg (1,574,113.999 kg)4.97 USD / kg (4,525,406.4 kg)
Denmark+21.0%2018.97 USD / kg (220,790.6 kg)8.40 USD / kg (116,571.4 kg)9.79 USD / kg (186,968.1 kg)7.75 USD / kg (47,748 kg)9.63 USD / kg (363,069.231 kg)9.21 USD / kg (83,478.8 kg)
Netherlands-25.3%987.29 USD / kg (37,603.8 kg)7.00 USD / kg (203,350 kg)5.69 USD / kg (359,600 kg)6.24 USD / kg (130,685 kg)4.40 USD / kg (591,056.68 kg)6.16 USD / kg (202,960 kg)
Cow Milk Butter Global Supply Chain Coverage
3,561 companies
1,611 exporters and 1,950 importers are mapped for Cow Milk Butter.
Exporters and importers can use Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to identify counterparties for Cow Milk Butter, benchmark reach, and prioritize outreach by market.

Cow Milk Butter Export Supplier Intelligence, Trade Flows, and Price Signals

1,611 exporter companies are mapped in Tridge Supply Chain Intelligence for Cow Milk Butter. Exporters and importers can use company profiles and analytics to evaluate supplier coverage, trading activity, and route opportunities.

Cow Milk Butter Top Exporters and Supplier Profiles

Review leading exporter profiles while benchmarking against 1,611 total exporter companies in the Cow Milk Butter supply chain intelligence network. Exporters and importers can unlock company profiles and analytics to qualify partners faster.
(India)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood PackagingFood Services And Drinking Places
Value Chain Roles: Food Manufacturing
(Angola)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Trade
(Egypt)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleFood ManufacturingTrade
(Indonesia)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Trade
(Haiti)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: Distribution / WholesaleTrade
(France)
Latest Export Transaction: 2026-06-15
Employee Size: 11 - 50 Employees
Sales Revenue: USD 1M - 5M
Industries: Others
Value Chain Roles: Trade
Cow Milk Butter Global Exporter Coverage
1,611 companies
Exporter company count is a key signal for Cow Milk Butter supply depth and sourcing optionality.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics to narrow Cow Milk Butter opportunities by country, product, and value-chain role, then open company profiles to validate fit.

Top Exporting Countries for Cow Milk Butter (HS Code 040510) in 2024

For Cow Milk Butter in 2024, compare export volume and value across the top 10 supplier countries to map core supply structure.
RankCountryVolumeValue
1Ireland244,996,657.298 kg1,778,171,824.352 USD
2Netherlands265,800,791 kg1,733,356,365.795 USD
3New Zealand258,873,205 kg1,730,337,464.25 USD
4Germany126,479,689 kg863,826,402.087 USD
5Belgium93,214,233.32 kg669,891,857.439 USD
6Denmark60,326,514 kg438,451,730.67 USD
7Poland58,587,958.3 kg416,547,085 USD
8Finland31,536,308 kg207,943,825.379 USD
9United States31,324,976 kg206,139,934 USD
10United Kingdom29,210,729 kg168,746,613.564 USD

Cow Milk Butter Export Trade Flow and Partner Country Summary

Track Cow Milk Butter exporter-to-importer flows by value, volume, and share to uncover high-potential export routes.

Cow Milk Butter Import Buyer Intelligence, Demand Signals, and Price Benchmarks

1,950 importer companies are mapped for Cow Milk Butter demand intelligence. Use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to prioritize buyers, distributors, and downstream demand partners by market.

Cow Milk Butter Top Buyers, Importers, and Demand Partners

Review leading buyer profiles and compare them against 1,950 total importer companies tracked for Cow Milk Butter. Exporters and importers can use Supply Chain Intelligence company profiles and analytics to evaluate buyer quality and demand concentration.
(Saudi Arabia)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-01-14
Employee Size: 51 - 100 Employees
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood Services And Drinking PlacesFood Wholesalers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Azerbaijan)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-06-15
Employee Size: 101 - 500 Employees
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Moldova)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Kazakhstan)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-06-15
Industries: Food WholesalersOthers
Value Chain Roles: -
(Turkiye)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-06-15
Employee Size: 501 - 1000 Employees
Industries: Food Manufacturing
Value Chain Roles: -
(Syria)
Latest Import Transaction: 2026-01-28
Industries: Food ManufacturingFood PackagingOthers
Value Chain Roles: -
Global Importer Coverage
1,950 companies
Importer company count highlights the current depth of demand-side visibility for Cow Milk Butter.
Use Supply Chain Intelligence analytics and company profiles to identify active Cow Milk Butter buyers, compare partner density by country, and refine GTM priorities.

Top Import Demand Countries for Cow Milk Butter (HS Code 040510) in 2024

For Cow Milk Butter in 2024, compare import volume and value across the top 10 demand countries to identify priority markets.
RankCountryVolumeValue
1Netherlands142,336,729.796 kg774,233,827.218 USD
2Germany115,887,837.419 kg740,747,741.268 USD
3United States84,749,862 kg729,549,223 USD
4Belgium60,398,172.13 kg395,976,511.662 USD
5United Kingdom50,212,583 kg354,891,439.437 USD
6Italy40,062,405 kg261,322,023.896 USD
7Canada31,611,973 kg210,098,558.828 USD
8Spain31,863,001.06 kg209,460,660.071 USD
9Australia32,244,661.45 kg199,221,518.944 USD
10Czechia24,420,684.407 kg176,688,865 USD

Cow Milk Butter Import Trade Flow and Origin Country Summary

Analyze Cow Milk Butter origin-to-destination trade flows by value, volume, and share to monitor demand-side sourcing channels.

Global Wholesale Supplier Price Trends by Country for Cow Milk Butter

Cow Milk Butter Monthly Wholesale Supplier Price Summary by Country

Monthly Cow Milk Butter wholesale unit-price benchmarks by country for export and sourcing decisions.
In 2026-01, countries with visible Cow Milk Butter wholesale unit prices: Brazil (8.34 USD / kg), Poland (6.37 USD / kg), France (4.94 USD / kg), Germany (4.89 USD / kg), Netherlands (4.62 USD / kg).
Country2025-082025-092025-102025-112025-122026-012026-022026-032026-042026-052026-062026-07
Germany8.27 USD / kg8.13 USD / kg6.58 USD / kg6.13 USD / kg5.29 USD / kg4.89 USD / kg
France8.52 USD / kg6.89 USD / kg6.25 USD / kg6.37 USD / kg4.97 USD / kg4.94 USD / kg
Netherlands8.06 USD / kg6.48 USD / kg6.08 USD / kg5.57 USD / kg4.81 USD / kg4.62 USD / kg
Poland8.48 USD / kg8.21 USD / kg7.80 USD / kg7.28 USD / kg5.82 USD / kg6.37 USD / kg
Brazil8.17 USD / kg8.25 USD / kg8.15 USD / kg8.44 USD / kg8.21 USD / kg8.34 USD / kg

Cow Milk Butter Wholesale Price Competitiveness by Major Exporting Countries

Compare Cow Milk Butter wholesale price ranges and YoY changes across the top 5 exporting countries to benchmark supplier price competitiveness.
RankCountryAverageLowerUpperYoY
1Germany5.98 USD / kg4.29 USD / kg8.86 USD / kg-28.1%
2France5.63 USD / kg4.36 USD / kg8.98 USD / kg-31.3%
3Netherlands5.55 USD / kg4.20 USD / kg8.55 USD / kg-30.1%
4Poland6.59 USD / kg3.93 USD / kg10.46 USD / kg-22.7%
5Brazil8.40 USD / kg5.92 USD / kg9.67 USD / kg+7.2%

Latest Cow Milk Butter Wholesale Export Price Updates

Use the latest 5 Cow Milk Butter wholesale updates to validate current export price points and origin-level supplier changes.
DateEntry NameUnit Price (USD) 
2026-07-01Мас** *************** **** *** ** ** ****** ****** ***** * ******* ****4.42 USD / kg
2026-07-01Мас** ****** **** * * *** ******* ***** * ******* ****8.26 USD / kg
2026-07-01But*** * 1014.33 USD / kg
2026-07-01But*** * 437.25 USD / kg
2026-07-01mas** ***** * ******** ******0.95 USD / kg

Global Farmgate Supplier Price Trends by Country for Cow Milk Butter

Cow Milk Butter Monthly Farmgate Supplier Price Summary by Country

Monthly Cow Milk Butter farmgate unit-price benchmarks by country to monitor supplier-side cost movement.
In 2026-01, countries with visible Cow Milk Butter farmgate unit prices: Netherlands (4.71 USD / kg).
Country2025-082025-092025-102025-112025-122026-012026-022026-032026-042026-052026-062026-07
Netherlands8.02 USD / kg6.72 USD / kg6.06 USD / kg5.53 USD / kg4.81 USD / kg4.71 USD / kg
Czechia9.72 USD / kg9.71 USD / kg----

Cow Milk Butter Farmgate Cost Trends by Major Exporting Supplier Countries

Compare Cow Milk Butter farmgate price levels and YoY changes across the top 2 exporting countries to understand origin-side supplier cost structure.
RankCountryAverageLowerUpperYoY
1Netherlands5.93 USD / kg4.58 USD / kg8.55 USD / kg-25.5%
2Czechia9.68 USD / kg9.46 USD / kg9.82 USD / kg+7.3%

Latest Cow Milk Butter Farmgate Export Cost Updates

Review the latest 3 Cow Milk Butter farmgate updates to monitor origin-side export cost and supplier pricing shifts.
DateEntry NameUnit Price (USD) 
2026-04-01Cow **** ****** ************ * ***** *477.39 USD / kg
2025-10-01Cow **** ****** ********* * *** *9.61 USD / kg
2024-12-01Cow **** ****** ****** ******** * *** *5.37 USD / kg

Classification

Product TypeProcessed Food
Product FormChilled
Industry PositionDairy Processing Product

Market

Cow-milk butter is a globally traded dairy fat produced by churning cream, with trade dominated by processed dairy products rather than fluid milk. Production is concentrated in major dairy regions across South Asia, Europe, and North America, while internationally traded butter supply is strongly influenced by a small number of export-oriented origins. New Zealand is widely cited as the leading butter exporter, making global availability and pricing sensitive to weather-driven milk supply swings in pasture-based systems. Import demand is significant in the Middle East and North Africa and in East Asia, reflecting retail consumption and intensive use in bakery and foodservice.
Market GrowthMixed (medium-term outlook)International milkfat (butter) demand strength coexists with flat per-capita outlook in some high-income markets
Major Producing Countries
  • IndiaAmong the largest producers in FAOSTAT 'Butter and Ghee' statistics; the category includes ghee, so national totals are not butter-only.
  • United StatesLarge dairy producer with significant butter manufacturing for domestic use; exports are a smaller share than for milk powders.
  • PakistanLarge producer in FAOSTAT 'Butter and Ghee' statistics; national totals include ghee.
  • GermanyMajor European dairy producer and butter manufacturer within EU supply.
  • FranceMajor European dairy producer and butter manufacturer within EU supply.
  • New ZealandExport-oriented dairy system; a key origin for internationally traded butter and other milkfat products.
Major Exporting Countries
  • New ZealandLeading exporter of butter on international markets per OECD-FAO outlook reporting.
  • IrelandMajor butter-exporting origin; Bord Bia reports Irish butter exports exceeded €2 billion in 2025 (value measure, not global rank).
  • United StatesButter/butterfat export volumes have increased in recent years; still a smaller share of U.S. butter production is exported compared with milk powders.
Major Importing Countries
  • ChinaMajor dairy importer in OECD-FAO outlook; OECD-FAO notes most imports are sourced from Oceania, with increased EU exports of butter to China in recent years.
  • Saudi ArabiaIdentified in OECD-FAO outlook reporting as a large importer of butter (notably within Middle East and North Africa import demand).
  • EgyptIdentified in OECD-FAO outlook reporting as a major importer of butter (notably within Middle East and North Africa import demand).
Supply Calendar
  • New Zealand:Oct, NovSeasonal pasture-based system with a spring milk peak reported around October–November (mid-November peak referenced in New Zealand dairy seasonality sources).
  • Great Britain:May, JunNorthern Hemisphere 'spring flush' period; industry reporting highlights peak milk volumes around May with strong flows through June.

Specification

Major VarietiesSweet cream butter, Cultured butter, Salted butter, Unsalted butter
Physical Attributes
  • Water-in-oil emulsion with a plastic, spreadable texture at refrigeration temperatures
  • Color ranges from pale to deep yellow depending on feed and permitted color adjustment practices
  • Flavor ranges from neutral (sweet cream) to tangy (cultured)
Compositional Metrics
  • Codex butter composition: minimum milkfat content 80% m/m
  • Codex butter composition: maximum water content 16% m/m
  • Codex butter composition: maximum milk solids-not-fat content 2% m/m
Grades
  • Codex Standard for Butter (CXS 279-1971 / formerly CODEX STAN A-1-1971) compositional compliance
  • National grading and labeling systems vary by market (e.g., salt level, cultured vs sweet cream, origin/grass-fed claims)
Packaging
  • Retail blocks, sticks, and wrapped portions (foil/paper laminate)
  • Retail tubs for spreadable formats
  • Foodservice packs and bulk cartons for industrial/bakery use
  • Frozen bulk formats used for inventory management and long-distance shipment in some trade flows
ProcessingFunctional performance in baking and laminated pastry depends on fat phase plasticity and moisture distributionSalt and culturing influence flavor profile and some handling behavior for foodservice and industrial users

Supply Chain

Value Chain
  • Raw milk collection -> cream separation/standardization -> pasteurization -> (optional) culturing/ripening -> churning -> working/salting -> packaging -> cold storage -> refrigerated/frozen distribution
Demand Drivers
  • Bakery and foodservice demand for laminated pastry and cooking applications
  • Consumer preference shifts toward dairy fat in some markets, supporting milkfat values relative to non-fat milk solids
  • Import reliance in regions with structural milk deficits (notably parts of Middle East and North Africa)
Temperature
  • Cold-chain control is required to maintain texture and reduce quality defects from temperature cycling
  • Frozen storage is used in some supply chains to manage seasonal milk supply and support long-distance trade
Shelf Life
  • Oxidation and flavor pickup are key shelf-life limiters; packaging and light/oxygen exposure management matter
  • Shelf life is typically months under refrigerated storage and longer under frozen storage, depending on formulation and packaging

Risks

Supply Concentration HighInternationally traded butter supply is highly exposed to a small number of export-oriented origins, with New Zealand identified as the leading exporter in OECD-FAO outlook reporting. Weather-driven milk supply variability in pasture-based systems (and capacity constraints in peak seasons) can quickly tighten export availability and raise global prices.Diversify origins across multiple exporting regions; maintain frozen inventory buffers; use forward contracting and milkfat hedging where available.
Animal Disease HighTransboundary animal diseases and emerging zoonotic events can disrupt milk production, processing operations, and market access through movement controls and trade restrictions. OECD-FAO outlook reporting notes that animal diseases are a persistent uncertainty and highlights avian influenza transmission to dairy cattle as an example of disruptive risk.Strengthen biosecurity, animal health surveillance, and contingency sourcing; align contracts with clear force majeure and substitution clauses.
Price Volatility MediumButter prices are strongly linked to global milkfat balance and the price relationship with skim milk powder; shifts in demand, inventories, and processing yields can create sharp spreads and volatility.Use multi-product portfolio planning (fat vs non-fat balance), manage inventory timing, and apply risk-management tools where accessible.
Food Safety MediumButter can transmit microbiological hazards if process hygiene or post-process handling fails, and quality defects (rancidity/off-flavors) can cause rejections in premium markets.Maintain validated pasteurization controls, environmental monitoring, and robust cold-chain and traceability programs (HACCP-based).
Regulatory Compliance MediumMarket access can be constrained by compositional definitions, labeling rules (e.g., butter vs spreads), additive permissions, and evolving sustainability and animal-welfare requirements.Specify compliance to Codex and destination-market standards in contracts; conduct routine label and formulation audits for each import market.
Sustainability
  • Greenhouse gas emissions (methane) from dairy production and increasing policy constraints in some producing regions
  • Land use and feed-supply impacts (including indirect land-use change risks depending on feed sourcing)
  • Manure and nutrient management pressures affecting permitting and farm expansion
  • Energy and refrigerant footprint of cold-chain logistics
Labor & Social
  • Animal welfare expectations and compliance scrutiny in major dairy supply chains
  • Smallholder livelihoods and price transmission risks in dairy sectors where farmers are exposed to volatile farmgate prices
  • Migrant and seasonal labor reliance in parts of the dairy and processing workforce

FAQ

What is the Codex compositional definition of butter?Codex defines butter as a fatty product derived exclusively from milk and/or milk products, principally a water-in-oil emulsion, and sets minimum milkfat at 80% m/m with maximum water at 16% m/m and maximum milk solids-not-fat at 2% m/m.
Why can New Zealand conditions affect global butter availability and prices?OECD-FAO outlook reporting identifies New Zealand as the leading exporter of butter on the international market, so weather-driven changes in seasonal milk flows and export availability in New Zealand can have outsized effects on globally traded butter supply.
What ingredients and additives are commonly associated with butter in international standards?Codex allows salt (sodium chloride), starter cultures for flavor development (cultured butter), and—where permitted under the Codex framework—certain colors such as carotenes/beta-carotene within specified limits for the butter category.

Cow Milk Butter Country Coverage for Suppliers, Export Flows, and Prices

Explore country-level Cow Milk Butter market pages for supplier coverage, trade flows, and price benchmarks.
All country market pages: Germany, France, New Zealand, Ireland, Belgium, Netherlands, Poland, Denmark, Russia, China, United States, Australia, Italy, United Kingdom, India, Canada, Argentina, Azerbaijan, Lithuania, Bahrain, Brazil, Kazakhstan, Morocco, Ukraine, Turkiye, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Belarus, Japan, Philippines, Saudi Arabia, Finland, Spain, South Korea, Georgia, Iran, Czechia, Portugal, Indonesia, Romania, Uruguay, Peru, Pakistan, Singapore, Austria, Malaysia, Sweden, Jordan, United Arab Emirates, Luxembourg, Slovakia, Hong Kong, Uganda, Armenia, Greece, Egypt, South Africa, Israel, Bulgaria, Mongolia, Estonia, Hungary, Costa Rica, Kuwait, Croatia, Latvia, Vietnam, Switzerland, Serbia, Bolivia, Paraguay, Thailand, Andorra, Albania, Aruba, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Barbados, Bangladesh, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Benin, Bermuda, Brunei, Bahamas, Bhutan, Botswana, Belize, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Chile, Cameroon, Colombia, Cuba, Cyprus, Dominican Republic, Algeria, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, Ghana, Gambia, Guatemala, Honduras, Iraq, Iceland, Jamaica, Kenya, Cambodia, Laos, Lebanon, Sri Lanka, Liberia, Lesotho, Moldova, Montenegro, Madagascar, Macedonia, Myanmar [Burma], Macao, Malta, Mauritius, Maldives, Malawi, Mexico, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Nicaragua, Norway, Nepal, Oman, Panama, Puerto Rico, Qatar, Slovenia, Sierra Leone, Senegal, El Salvador, Syria, Swaziland, Togo, Turkmenistan, Tunisia, Taiwan, Tanzania, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Venezuela, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe
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